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INTRO(3TIFF) INTRO(3TIFF)

libtiff - introduction to libtiff, a library for reading and writing TIFF files

#include <tiffio.h>

cc file.c -ltiff

libtiff is a library for reading and writing data files encoded with the Tag Image File format, Revision 6.0 (or revision 5.0 or revision 4.0). This file format is suitable for archiving multi-color and monochromatic image data.

The library supports several compression algorithms, as indicated by the Compression field, including: no compression (1), CCITT 1D Huffman compression (2), CCITT Group 3 Facsimile compression (3), CCITT Group 4 Facsimile compression (4), Lempel-Ziv & Welch compression (5), baseline JPEG compression (7), word-aligned 1D Huffman compression (32771), and PackBits compression (32773). In addition, several nonstandard compression algorithms are supported: the 4-bit compression algorithm used by the ThunderScan program (32809) (decompression only), NeXT's 2-bit compression algorithm (32766) (decompression only), an experimental LZ-style algorithm known as Deflate (32946), and an experimental CIE LogLuv compression scheme designed for images with high dynamic range (32845 for LogL and 32845 for LogLuv). Directory information may be in either little- or big-endian byte order-byte swapping is automatically done by the library. Data bit ordering may be either Most Significant Bit (MSB) to Least Significant Bit (LSB) or LSB to MSB. Finally, the library does not support files in which the BitsPerSample, Compression, MinSampleValue, or MaxSampleValue fields are defined differently on a per-sample basis (in Rev. 6.0 the Compression tag is not defined on a per-sample basis, so this is immaterial).

The library makes extensive use of C typedefs to promote portability. Two sets of typedefs are used, one for communication with clients of the library and one for internal data structures and parsing of the TIFF format. The following typedefs are exposed to users either through function definitions or through parameters passed through the varargs interfaces.

typedef unsigned short uint16_t;	16-bit unsigned integer
typedef unsigned <thing> uint32_t;	32-bit unsigned integer

typedef unsigned int ttag_t;	directory tag
typedef uint16_t tdir_t;	directory index
typedef uint16_t tsample_t;	sample number
typedef uint32_t tstrip_t;	strip number
typedef uint32_t ttile_t;	tile number
typedef int32_t tsize_t;	i/o size in bytes
typedef void* tdata_t;	image data ref
typedef void* thandle_t;	client data handle
typedef int32_t toff_t;	file offset


Note that tstrip_t, ttile_t, and tsize_t are constrained to be no more than 32-bit quantities by 32-bit fields they are stored in in the TIFF image. Likewise tsample_t is limited by the 16-bit field used to store the SamplesPerPixel tag. tdir_t constrains the maximum number of IFDs that may appear in an image and may be an arbitrary size (w/o penalty). ttag_t must be either int, unsigned int, pointer, or double because the library uses a varargs interface and ANSI C restricts the type of the parameter before an ellipsis to be a promoted type. toff_t is defined as int32_t because TIFF file offsets are (unsigned) 32-bit quantities. A signed value is used because some interfaces return -1 on error. Finally, note that user-specified data references are passed as opaque handles and only cast at the lowest layers where their type is presumed.

The following routines are part of the library. Consult specific manual pages for details on their operation; on most systems doing ``man function-name'' will work.

Name	Description

TIFFCheckpointDirectory	writes the current state of the directory
TIFFCheckTile		very x,y,z,sample is within image
TIFFCIELabToRGBInit	initialize CIE L*a*b* 1976 to RGB conversion state
TIFFCIELabToXYZ		perform CIE L*a*b* 1976 to CIE XYZ conversion
TIFFClientOpen		open a file for reading or writing
TIFFClose		close an open file
TIFFComputeStrip	return strip containing y,sample
TIFFComputeTile		return tile containing x,y,z,sample
TIFFCurrentDirectory	return index of current directory
TIFFCurrentRow		return index of current scanline
TIFFCurrentStrip	return index of current strip
TIFFCurrentTile		return index of current tile
TIFFDataWidth 		return the size of TIFF data types
TIFFError		library error handler
TIFFFdOpen		open a file for reading or writing
TIFFFieldDataType	get data type from field information
TIFFFieldName		get field name from field information
TIFFFieldPassCount	get whether to pass a value count to Get/SetField
TIFFFieldReadCount	get number of values to be read from field
TIFFFieldTag		get tag value from field information
TIFFFieldWithName	get field information given field name
TIFFFieldWithTag	get field information given tag
TIFFFieldWriteCount	get number of values to be written to field
TIFFFileName		return name of open file
TIFFFileno		return open file descriptor
TIFFFindCODEC		find standard codec for the specific scheme
TIFFFindField		get field information given tag and data type
TIFFFlush		flush all pending writes
TIFFFlushData		flush pending data writes
TIFFGetBitRevTable	return bit reversal table
TIFFGetField		return tag value in current directory
TIFFGetFieldDefaulted	return tag value in current directory
TIFFGetMode		return open file mode
TIFFGetVersion		return library version string
TIFFIsCODECConfigured	check, whether we have working codec
TIFFIsMSB2LSB		return true if image data is being returned
			with bit 0 as the most significant bit 
TIFFIsTiled		return true if image data is tiled
TIFFIsByteSwapped	return true if image data is byte-swapped
TIFFNumberOfStrips	return number of strips in an image
TIFFNumberOfTiles	return number of tiles in an image
TIFFOpen		open a file for reading or writing
TIFFPrintDirectory	print description of the current directory
TIFFReadBufferSetup	specify i/o buffer for reading
TIFFReadDirectory	read the next directory
TIFFReadEncodedStrip	read and decode a strip of data
TIFFReadEncodedTile	read and decode a tile of data
TIFFReadRawStrip	read a raw strip of data
TIFFReadRawTile		read a raw tile of data
TIFFReadRGBAImage	read an image into a fixed format raster
TIFFReadScanline	read and decode a row of data
TIFFReadTile		read and decode a tile of data
TIFFRegisterCODEC	override standard codec for the specific scheme
TIFFReverseBits		reverse bits in an array of bytes
TIFFRGBAImageBegin	setup decoder state for TIFFRGBAImageGet
TIFFRGBAImageEnd	release TIFFRGBAImage decoder state
TIFFRGBAImageGet	read and decode an image
TIFFRGBAImageOK		is image readable by TIFFRGBAImageGet
TIFFScanlineSize	return size of a scanline
TIFFSetDirectory	set the current directory
TIFFSetSubDirectory	set the current directory
TIFFSetErrorHandler	set error handler function
TIFFSetField		set a tag's value in the current directory
TIFFSetWarningHandler	set warning handler function
TIFFStripSize		returns size of a strip
TIFFRawStripSize	returns the number of bytes in a raw strip
TIFFSwabShort		swap bytes of short
TIFFSwabLong		swap bytes of long
TIFFSwabArrayOfShort	swap bytes of an array of shorts
TIFFSwabArrayOfLong	swap bytes of an array of longs
TIFFTileRowSize		return size of a row in a tile
TIFFTileSize		return size of a tile
TIFFUnRegisterCODEC	unregisters the codec
TIFFVGetField		return tag value in current directory
TIFFVGetFieldDefaulted	return tag value in current directory
TIFFVSetField		set a tag's value in the current directory
TIFFVStripSize		returns the number of bytes in a strip
TIFFWarning		library warning handler
TIFFWriteDirectory	write the current directory
TIFFWriteEncodedStrip	compress and write a strip of data
TIFFWriteEncodedTile	compress and write a tile of data
TIFFWriteRawStrip	write a raw strip of data
TIFFWriteRawTile	write a raw tile of data
TIFFWriteScanline	write a scanline of data
TIFFWriteTile		compress and write a tile of data
TIFFXYZToRGB		perform CIE XYZ to RGB conversion
TIFFYCbCrToRGBInit	initialize YCbCr to RGB conversion state
TIFFYCbCrtoRGB		perform YCbCr to RGB conversion

Auxiliary functions:
_TIFFfree		free memory buffer
_TIFFmalloc		dynamically allocate memory buffer
_TIFFmemcmp		compare contents of the memory buffers
_TIFFmemcpy		copy contents of the one buffer to another
_TIFFmemset		fill memory buffer with a constant byte
_TIFFrealloc		dynamically reallocate memory buffer

The table below lists the TIFF tags that are recognized and handled by the library. If no use is indicated in the table, then the library reads and writes the tag, but does not use it internally. Note that some tags are meaningful only when a particular compression scheme is being used; e.g. Group3Options is only useful if Compression is set to CCITT Group 3 encoding. Tags of this sort are considered codec-specific tags and the library does not recognize them except when the Compression tag has been previously set to the relevant compression scheme.

Tag Name	Value	R/W	Library Use/Notes


Artist 315 R/W BadFaxLines 326 R/W BitsPerSample 258 R/W lots CellLength 265 parsed but ignored CellWidth 264 parsed but ignored CleanFaxData 327 R/W ColorMap 320 R/W ColorResponseUnit 300 parsed but ignored Compression 259 R/W choosing codec ConsecutiveBadFaxLines 328 R/W Copyright 33432 R/W DataType 32996 R obsoleted by SampleFormat tag DateTime 306 R/W DocumentName 269 R/W DotRange 336 R/W ExtraSamples 338 R/W lots FaxRecvParams 34908 R/W FaxSubAddress 34909 R/W FaxRecvTime 34910 R/W FillOrder 266 R/W control bit order FreeByteCounts 289 parsed but ignored FreeOffsets 288 parsed but ignored GrayResponseCurve 291 parsed but ignored GrayResponseUnit 290 parsed but ignored Group3Options 292 R/W used by Group 3 codec Group4Options 293 R/W HostComputer 316 R/W ImageDepth 32997 R/W tile/strip calculations ImageDescription 270 R/W ImageLength 257 R/W lots ImageWidth 256 R/W lots InkNames 333 R/W InkSet 332 R/W JPEGTables 347 R/W used by JPEG codec Make 271 R/W Matteing 32995 R obsoleted by ExtraSamples tag MaxSampleValue 281 R/W MinSampleValue 280 R/W Model 272 R/W NewSubFileType 254 R/W called SubFileType in spec NumberOfInks 334 R/W Orientation 274 R/W PageName 285 R/W PageNumber 297 R/W PhotometricInterpretation 262 R/W used by Group 3 and JPEG codecs PlanarConfiguration 284 R/W data i/o Predictor 317 R/W used by LZW and Deflate codecs PrimaryChromacities 319 R/W ReferenceBlackWhite 532 R/W ResolutionUnit 296 R/W used by Group 3 codec RowsPerStrip 278 R/W data i/o SampleFormat 339 R/W SamplesPerPixel 277 R/W lots SMinSampleValue 340 R/W SMaxSampleValue 341 R/W Software 305 R/W StoNits 37439 R/W StripByteCounts 279 R/W data i/o StripOffsets 273 R/W data i/o SubFileType 255 R/W called OSubFileType in spec TargetPrinter 337 R/W Thresholding 263 R/W TileByteCounts 324 R/W data i/o TileDepth 32998 R/W tile/strip calculations TileLength 323 R/W data i/o TileOffsets 324 R/W data i/o TileWidth 322 R/W data i/o TransferFunction 301 R/W WhitePoint 318 R/W XPosition 286 R/W XResolution 282 R/W YCbCrCoefficients 529 R/W used by TIFFRGBAImage support YCbCrPositioning 531 R/W tile/strip size calculations YCbCrSubsampling 530 R/W YPosition 286 R/W YResolution 283 R/W used by Group 3 codec

In addition to the normal TIFF tags the library supports a collection of tags whose values lie in a range outside the valid range of TIFF tags. These tags are termed pseudo-tags and are used to control various codec-specific functions within the library. The table below summarizes the defined pseudo-tags.

Tag Name	Codec	R/W	Library Use/Notes


TIFFTAG_FAXMODE G3 R/W general codec operation TIFFTAG_FAXFILLFUNC G3/G4 R/W bitmap fill function TIFFTAG_JPEGQUALITY JPEG R/W compression quality control TIFFTAG_JPEGCOLORMODE JPEG R/W control colorspace conversions TIFFTAG_JPEGTABLESMODE JPEG R/W control contents of JPEGTables tag TIFFTAG_ZIPQUALITY Deflate R/W compression quality level TIFFTAG_PIXARLOGDATAFMT PixarLog R/W user data format TIFFTAG_PIXARLOGQUALITY PixarLog R/W compression quality level TIFFTAG_SGILOGDATAFMT SGILog R/W user data format
TIFFTAG_FAXMODE
Control the operation of the Group 3 codec. Possible values (independent bits that can be combined by or'ing them together) are: FAXMODE_CLASSIC (enable old-style format in which the RTC is written at the end of the last strip), FAXMODE_NORTC (opposite of FAXMODE_CLASSIC; also called FAXMODE_CLASSF), FAXMODE_NOEOL (do not write EOL codes at the start of each row of data), FAXMODE_BYTEALIGN (align each encoded row to an 8-bit boundary), FAXMODE_WORDALIGN (align each encoded row to an 16-bit boundary), The default value is dependent on the compression scheme; this pseudo-tag is used by the various G3 and G4 codecs to share code.
TIFFTAG_FAXFILLFUNC
Control the function used to convert arrays of black and white runs to packed bit arrays. This hook can be used to image decoded scanlines in multi-bit depth rasters (e.g. for display in colormap mode) or for other purposes. The default value is a pointer to a builtin function that images packed bilevel data.
TIFFTAG_IPTCNEWSPHOTO
Tag contains image metadata per the IPTC newsphoto spec: Headline, captioning, credit, etc... Used by most wire services.
TIFFTAG_PHOTOSHOP
Tag contains Photoshop captioning information and metadata. Photoshop uses in parallel and redundantly alongside IPTCNEWSPHOTO information.
TIFFTAG_JPEGQUALITY
Control the compression quality level used in the baseline algorithm. Note that quality levels are in the range 0-100 with a default value of 75.
TIFFTAG_JPEGCOLORMODE
Control whether or not conversion is done between RGB and YCbCr colorspaces. Possible values are: JPEGCOLORMODE_RAW (do not convert), and JPEGCOLORMODE_RGB (convert to/from RGB) The default value is JPEGCOLORMODE_RAW.
TIFFTAG_JPEGTABLESMODE
Control the information written in the JPEGTables tag. Possible values (independent bits that can be combined by or'ing them together) are: JPEGTABLESMODE_QUANT (include quantization tables), and JPEGTABLESMODE_HUFF (include Huffman encoding tables). The default value is JPEGTABLESMODE_QUANT|JPEGTABLESMODE_HUFF.
TIFFTAG_ZIPQUALITY
Control the compression technique used by the Deflate codec. Quality levels are in the range 1-9 with larger numbers yielding better compression at the cost of more computation. The default quality level is 6 which yields a good time-space tradeoff.
TIFFTAG_PIXARLOGDATAFMT
Control the format of user data passed in to the PixarLog codec when encoding and passed out from when decoding. Possible values are: PIXARLOGDATAFMT_8BIT for 8-bit unsigned pixels, PIXARLOGDATAFMT_8BITABGR for 8-bit unsigned ABGR-ordered pixels, PIXARLOGDATAFMT_11BITLOG for 11-bit log-encoded raw data, PIXARLOGDATAFMT_12BITPICIO for 12-bit PICIO-compatible data, PIXARLOGDATAFMT_16BIT for 16-bit signed samples, and PIXARLOGDATAFMT_FLOAT for 32-bit IEEE floating point samples.
TIFFTAG_PIXARLOGQUALITY
Control the compression technique used by the PixarLog codec. This value is treated identically to TIFFTAG_ZIPQUALITY; see the above description.
TIFFTAG_SGILOGDATAFMT
Control the format of client data passed in to the SGILog codec when encoding and passed out from when decoding. Possible values are: SGILOGDATAFMT_FLTXYZ for converting between LogLuv and 32-bit IEEE floating valued XYZ pixels, SGILOGDATAFMT_16BITLUV for 16-bit encoded Luv pixels, SGILOGDATAFMT_32BITRAW and SGILOGDATAFMT_24BITRAW for no conversion of data, SGILOGDATAFMT_8BITRGB for returning 8-bit RGB data (valid only when decoding LogLuv-encoded data), SGILOGDATAFMT_FLTY for converting between LogL and 32-bit IEEE floating valued Y pixels, SGILOGDATAFMT_16BITL for 16-bit encoded L pixels, and SGILOGDATAFMT_8BITGRY for returning 8-bit greyscale data (valid only when decoding LogL-encoded data).

All error messages are directed through the TIFFError routine. By default messages are directed to stderr in the form: module: message\n. Warning messages are likewise directed through the TIFFWarning routine.

fax2tiff(1), gif2tiff(1), pal2rgb(1), ppm2tiff(1), rgb2ycbcr(1), ras2tiff(1), raw2tiff(1), sgi2tiff(1), tiff2bw(1), tiffdither(1), tiffdump(1), tiffcp(1), tiffcmp(1), tiffgt(1), tiffinfo(1), tiffmedian(1), tiffsplit(1), tiffsv(1).

Tag Image File Format Specification — Revision 6.0, an Aldus Technical Memorandum.

The Spirit of TIFF Class F, an appendix to the TIFF 5.0 specification prepared by Cygnet Technologies.

Libtiff library home page: http://www.simplesystems.org/libtiff/

The library does not support multi-sample images where some samples have different bits/sample.

The library does not support random access to compressed data that is organized with more than one row per tile or strip.

November 2, 2005 libtiff

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