--help

Show this help message and exit

--help-general

Gives a brief usage message for the generic GDAL commandline options and exit.

-b <n>

-srcband <n>

Added in version 3.7.

Specify an input band number to warp (between 1 and the number of bands of the source dataset).

This option is used to warp a subset of the input bands. All input bands are used when it is not specified.

This option may be repeated multiple times to select several input bands. The order in which bands are specified will be the order in which they appear in the output dataset (unless -dstband is specified).

The alpha band should not be specified in the list, as it will be automatically retrieved (unless -nosrcalpha is specified).

The following invocation will warp an input datasets with bands ordered as Blue, Green, Red, NearInfraRed in an output dataset with bands ordered as Red, Green, Blue.

gdalwarp in_bgrn.tif out_rgb.tif -b 3 -b 2 -b 1 -overwrite

-dstband <n>

Added in version 3.7.

Specify the output band number in which to warp. In practice, this option is only useful when updating an existing dataset, e.g to warp one band at at time.

gdal_create -if in_red.tif -bands 3 out_rgb.tif
gdalwarp in_red.tif out_rgb.tif -srcband 1 -dstband 1
gdalwarp in_green.tif out_rgb.tif -srcband 1 -dstband 2
gdalwarp in_blue.tif out_rgb.tif -srcband 1 -dstband 3

If -srcband is specified, there must be as many occurrences of -dstband as there are of -srcband.

The output alpha band should not be specified, as it will be automatically created if the input dataset has an alpha band, or if -dstalpha is specified.

If -dstband is not specified, then -dstband 1 -dstband 2 ... -dstband N is assumed where N is the number of input bands (specified explicitly either with -srcband or implicitly)

-s_srs <srs def>

Set source spatial reference. If not specified the SRS found in the input dataset will be used.

The coordinate reference systems that can be passed are anything supported by the OGRSpatialReference.SetFromUserInput() call, which includes EPSG Projected, Geographic or Compound CRS (i.e. EPSG:4296), a well known text (WKT) CRS definition, PROJ.4 declarations, or the name of a .prj file containing a WKT CRS definition.

Starting with GDAL 2.2, if the SRS has an explicit vertical datum that points to a PROJ.4 geoidgrids, and the input dataset is a single band dataset, a vertical correction will be applied to the values of the dataset.

-s_coord_epoch <epoch>

Added in version 3.4.

Assign a coordinate epoch, linked with the source SRS. Useful when the source SRS is a dynamic CRS. Only taken into account if -s_srs is used.

Before PROJ 9.4, -s_coord_epoch and -t_coord_epoch were mutually exclusive, due to lack of support for transformations between two dynamic CRS.

-t_srs <srs_def>

Set target spatial reference.

A source SRS must be available for reprojection to occur. The source SRS will be by default the one found in the input dataset when it is available, or as overridden by the user with -s_srs

The coordinate reference systems that can be passed are anything supported by the OGRSpatialReference.SetFromUserInput() call, which includes EPSG Projected, Geographic or Compound CRS (i.e. EPSG:4296), a well known text (WKT) CRS definition, PROJ.4 declarations, or the name of a .prj file containing a WKT CRS definition.

Starting with GDAL 2.2, if the SRS has an explicit vertical datum that points to a PROJ.4 geoidgrids, and the input dataset is a single band dataset, a vertical correction will be applied to the values of the dataset.

-t_coord_epoch <epoch>

Added in version 3.4.

Assign a coordinate epoch, linked with the target SRS. Useful when the target SRS is a dynamic CRS. Only taken into account if -t_srs is used.

Before PROJ 9.4, -s_coord_epoch and -t_coord_epoch were mutually exclusive, due to lack of support for transformations between two dynamic CRS.

-ct <string>

A PROJ string (single step operation or multiple step string starting with +proj=pipeline), a WKT2 string describing a CoordinateOperation, or a urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::XXXX URN overriding the default transformation from the source to the target CRS.

It must take into account the axis order of the source and target CRS, that is typically include a step proj=axisswap order=2,1 at the beginning of the pipeline if the source CRS has northing/easting axis order, and/or at the end of the pipeline if the target CRS has northing/easting axis order.

When creating a new output file, using -t_srs is still necessary to have the target CRS written in the metadata of the output file, but the parameters of the CoordinateOperation will override those of the standard transformation.

Added in version 3.0.

-to <NAME>=<VALUE>

Set a transformer option suitable to pass to GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer2(). See GDALCreateRPCTransformerV2() for RPC specific options.

-vshift

Force the use of vertical shift. This option is generally not necessary, except when using an explicit coordinate transformation (-ct), and not specifying an explicit source and target SRS.

Added in version 3.4.

-novshift

Disable the use of vertical shift when one of the source or target SRS has an explicit vertical datum, and the input dataset is a single band dataset.

NOTE:

Added in version 3.4.

-order <n>

order of polynomial used for warping (1 to 3). The default is to select a polynomial order based on the number of GCPs.

-tps

Force use of thin plate spline transformer based on available GCPs.

-rpc

Force use of RPCs.

-geoloc

Force use of Geolocation Arrays.

-et <err_threshold>

Error threshold for transformation approximation, expressed as a number of source pixels. Defaults to 0.125 pixels unless the RPC_DEM transformer option is specified, in which case an exact transformer, i.e. err_threshold=0, will be used.

-refine_gcps <tolerance> [<minimum_gcps>]

Refines the GCPs by automatically eliminating outliers. Outliers will be eliminated until minimum_gcps are left or when no outliers can be detected. The tolerance is passed to adjust when a GCP will be eliminated. Note that GCP refinement only works with polynomial interpolation. The tolerance is in pixel units if no projection is available, otherwise it is in SRS units. If minimum_gcps is not provided, the minimum GCPs according to the polynomial model is used.

-te <xmin> <ymin> <xmax> <ymax>

Set georeferenced extents of output file to be created (in target SRS by default, or in the SRS specified with -te_srs)

-te_srs <srs_def>

Specifies the SRS in which to interpret the coordinates given with -te. The <srs_def> may be any of the usual GDAL/OGR forms, complete WKT, PROJ.4, EPSG:n or a file containing the WKT. This must not be confused with -t_srs which is the target SRS of the output dataset. -te_srs is a convenience e.g. when knowing the output coordinates in a geodetic long/lat SRS, but still wanting a result in a projected coordinate system.

-tr <xres> <yres> | -tr square

Set output file resolution (in target georeferenced units).

If not specified (or not deduced from -te and -ts), gdalwarp will, in the general case, generate an output raster with xres=yres.

Starting with GDAL 3.7, if neither -tr nor -ts are specified, that no reprojection is involved (including taking into account geolocation arrays or RPC), the resolution of the source file(s) will be preserved (in previous version, an output raster with xres=yres was always generated). It is possible to ask square pixels to still be generated, by specifying square as the value for -tr.

-tap

(target aligned pixels) align the coordinates of the extent of the output file to the values of the -tr, such that the aligned extent includes the minimum extent (edges lines/columns that are detected as blank, before actual warping, will be removed starting with GDAL 3.8). Alignment means that xmin / resx, ymin / resy, xmax / resx and ymax / resy are integer values. It does not necessarily mean that the output grid aligns with the input grid.

-ts <width> <height>

Set output file size in pixels and lines. If width or height is set to 0, the other dimension will be guessed from the computed resolution. Note that -ts cannot be used with -tr

-ovr <level>|AUTO|AUTO-<n>|NONE

To specify which overview level of source files must be used. The default choice, AUTO, will select the overview level whose resolution is the closest to the target resolution. Specify an integer value (0-based, i.e. 0=1st overview level) to select a particular level. Specify AUTO-n where n is an integer greater or equal to 1, to select an overview level below the AUTO one. Or specify NONE to force the base resolution to be used (can be useful if overviews have been generated with a low quality resampling method, and the warping is done using a higher quality resampling method).

-wo <NAME>=<VALUE>

Set a warp option. The GDALWarpOptions::papszWarpOptions docs show all options. Multiple -wo options may be listed.

-ot <type>

Force the output image bands to have a specific data type supported by the driver, which may be one of the following: Byte, Int8, UInt16, Int16, UInt32, Int32, UInt64, Int64, Float32, Float64, CInt16, CInt32, CFloat32 or CFloat64.

-wt <type>

Working pixel data type. The data type of pixels in the source image and destination image buffers.

-r <resampling_method>

Resampling method to use. Available methods are:

near: nearest neighbour resampling (default, fastest algorithm, worst interpolation quality).

bilinear: bilinear resampling.

cubic: cubic resampling.

cubicspline: cubic spline resampling.

lanczos: Lanczos windowed sinc resampling.

average: average resampling, computes the weighted average of all non-NODATA contributing pixels.

rms root mean square / quadratic mean of all non-NODATA contributing pixels (GDAL >= 3.3)

mode: mode resampling, selects the value which appears most often of all the sampled points. In the case of ties, the first value identified as the mode will be selected.

max: maximum resampling, selects the maximum value from all non-NODATA contributing pixels.

min: minimum resampling, selects the minimum value from all non-NODATA contributing pixels.

med: median resampling, selects the median value of all non-NODATA contributing pixels.

q1: first quartile resampling, selects the first quartile value of all non-NODATA contributing pixels.

q3: third quartile resampling, selects the third quartile value of all non-NODATA contributing pixels.

sum: compute the weighted sum of all non-NODATA contributing pixels (since GDAL 3.1)

NOTE:

-srcnodata "<value>[ <value>]..."

Set nodata masking values for input bands (different values can be supplied for each band). If more than one value is supplied all values should be quoted to keep them together as a single operating system argument. Masked values will not be used in interpolation (details given in Nodata / source validity mask handling)

Use a value of None to ignore intrinsic nodata settings on the source dataset.

When this option is set to a non-None value, it causes the UNIFIED_SRC_NODATA warping option (see GDALWarpOptions::papszWarpOptions) to be set to YES, if it is not explicitly set.

If -srcnodata is not explicitly set, but the source dataset has nodata values, they will be taken into account, with UNIFIED_SRC_NODATA at PARTIAL by default.

-dstnodata "<value>[ <value>]..."

Set nodata values for output bands (different values can be supplied for each band). If more than one value is supplied all values should be quoted to keep them together as a single operating system argument. New files will be initialized to this value and if possible the nodata value will be recorded in the output file. Use a value of None to ensure that nodata is not defined. If this argument is not used then nodata values will be copied from the source dataset.

-srcalpha

Force the last band of a source image to be considered as a source alpha band.

-nosrcalpha

Prevent the alpha band of a source image to be considered as such (it will be warped as a regular band)

Added in version 2.2.

-dstalpha

Create an output alpha band to identify nodata (unset/transparent) pixels.

-wm <memory_in_mb>

Set the amount of memory that the warp API is allowed to use for caching. Defaults to 64 MB. Since GDAL 3.10, the value can be specified either as a fixed amount of memory (e.g., -wm 200MB, -wm 1G) or as a percentage of usable RAM (-wm 10%). In earlier versions, or if a unit is not specified, the value is interpreted as being in megabytes if the value is less than 10000. For values >=10000, it is interpreted as bytes.

The warper will total up the memory required to hold the input and output image arrays and any auxiliary masking arrays and if they are larger than the "warp memory" allowed it will subdivide the chunk into smaller chunks and try again.

If the -wm value is very small there is some extra overhead in doing many small chunks so setting it larger is better but it is a matter of diminishing returns.

-multi

Use multithreaded warping implementation. Two threads will be used to process chunks of image and perform input/output operation simultaneously. Note that computation is not multithreaded itself. To do that, you can use the -wo NUM_THREADS=val/ALL_CPUS option, which can be combined with -multi

-q

Be quiet.

-if <format>

Format/driver name to be attempted to open the input file(s). It is generally not necessary to specify it, but it can be used to skip automatic driver detection, when it fails to select the appropriate driver. This option can be repeated several times to specify several candidate drivers. Note that it does not force those drivers to open the dataset. In particular, some drivers have requirements on file extensions.

Added in version 3.2.

-of <format>

Select the output format. Starting with GDAL 2.3, if not specified, the format is guessed from the extension (previously was GTiff). Use the short format name.

-co <NAME>=<VALUE>

Many formats have one or more optional creation options that can be used to control particulars about the file created. For instance, the GeoTIFF driver supports creation options to control compression, and whether the file should be tiled.

The creation options available vary by format driver, and some simple formats have no creation options at all. A list of options supported for a format can be listed with the --format command line option but the documentation for the format is the definitive source of information on driver creation options. See Raster drivers format specific documentation for legal creation options for each format.

-cutline <datasource>|<WKT>

Enable use of a blend cutline from the name of a vector dataset. Starting with GDAL 3.9, a WKT geometry string starting with POLYGON or MULTIPOLYGON can also be specified.

-cutline_srs <srs_def>

Added in version 3.9.

Sets or overrides the SRS of the cutline.

-cl <layername>

Select the named layer from the cutline datasource.

-cwhere <expression>

Restrict desired cutline features based on attribute query.

-csql <query>

Select cutline features using an SQL query instead of from a layer with -cl.

-cblend <distance>

Set a blend distance to use to blend over cutlines (in pixels).

-crop_to_cutline

Crop the extent of the target dataset to the extent of the cutline.

-overwrite

Overwrite the target dataset if it already exists. Overwriting must be understood here as deleting and recreating the file from scratch. Note that if this option is not specified and the output file already exists, it will be updated in place.

-nomd

Do not copy metadata. Without this option, dataset and band metadata (as well as some band information) will be copied from the first source dataset. Items that differ between source datasets will be set to * (see -cvmd option).

-cvmd <meta_conflict_value>

Value to set metadata items that conflict between source datasets (default is "*"). Use "" to remove conflicting items.

-setci

Set the color interpretation of the bands of the target dataset from the source dataset.

-oo <NAME>=<VALUE>

Dataset open option (format specific)

-doo <NAME>=<VALUE>

Output dataset open option (format specific)

Added in version 2.1.

<src_dataset_name>

The source file name(s).

<dst_dataset_name>

The destination file name.

• for nearest resampling, for each target pixel, the coordinate of its center is projected back to source coordinates and the source pixel containing that coordinate is identified. If this source pixel is invalid, the target pixel is considered as nodata.
• for bilinear, cubic, cubicspline and lanczos, for each target pixel, the coordinate of its center is projected back to source coordinates and a corresponding source pixel is identified. If this source pixel is invalid, the target pixel is considered as nodata (in this case, valid pixels within the kernel radius would not be considered). Given that those resampling kernels have a non-null kernel radius, this source pixel is just one among other several source pixels, and it might be possible that there are invalid values in those other contributing source pixels. The weights used to take into account those invalid values will be set to zero to ignore them.
• for the other resampling methods, source pixels contributing to the target pixel are ignored if invalid. Only the valid ones are taken into account. If there are none, the target pixel is considered as nodata.

• at least one of the source or target CRS has an explicit vertical CRS (as part of a compound CRS) or is a 3D (generally geographic) CRS, and
• the raster has a single band

•

Basic transformation:

•

For instance, an eight bit spot scene stored in GeoTIFF with control points mapping the corners to lat/long could be warped to a UTM projection with a command like this:

•

For instance, the second channel of an ASTER image stored in HDF with control points mapping the corners to lat/long could be warped to a UTM projection with a command like this:

•

To apply a cutline on a un-georeferenced image and clip from pixel (220,60) to pixel (1160,690):

•

To transform a DEM from geoid elevations (using EGM96) to WGS84 ellipsoidal heights: