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LAST(1) |
FreeBSD General Commands Manual |
LAST(1) |
last —
indicate last logins of users and ttys
last |
[--libxo ] [-swy ]
[-d
[[CC]YY][MMDD]hhmm[.SS]]
[-f file]
[-h host]
[-n maxrec]
[-t tty]
[user ...] |
The last utility will either list the sessions of
specified users, ttys, and
hosts, in reverse time order, or list the users logged
in at a specified date and time. Each line of output contains the user name,
the tty from which the session was conducted, any hostname, the start and stop
times for the session, and the duration of the session. If the session is
still continuing or was cut short by a crash or shutdown,
last will so indicate.
The following options are available:
--libxo
- Generate output via
libxo(3)
in a selection of different human and machine readable formats. See
xo_parse_args(3)
for details on command line arguments.
-d
date
- Specify the snapshot date and time. All users logged in at the snapshot
date and time will be reported. This may be used with the
-f option to derive the results from stored
utx.log files. When this argument is provided, all
other options except for -f and
-n are ignored. The argument should be in the form
[[CC]YY][MMDD]hhmm[.SS]
where each pair of letters represents the following:
- CC
- The first two digits of the year (the century).
- YY
- The second two digits of the year. If YY is
specified, but CC is not, a value for
YY between 69 and 99 results in a
CC value of 19. Otherwise, a
CC value of 20 is used.
- MM
- Month of the year, from 1 to 12.
- DD
- Day of the month, from 1 to 31.
- hh
- Hour of the day, from 0 to 23.
- mm
- Minute of the hour, from 0 to 59.
- SS
- Second of the minute, from 0 to 60.
If the CC and YY
letter pairs are not specified, the values default to the current year.
If the SS letter pair is not specified, the value
defaults to 0.
-f
file
- Read the file file instead of the default,
/var/log/utx.log.
-h
host
- Host names may be names or internet numbers.
-n
maxrec
- Limit the report to maxrec lines.
-s
- Report the duration of the login session in seconds, instead of the
default days, hours and minutes.
-t
tty
- Specify the tty. Tty names may be given fully or
abbreviated, for example, “
last -t
03 ” is equivalent to “last -t
tty03 ”.
-w
- Widen the duration field to show seconds, as well as the default days,
hours and minutes.
-y
- Report the year in the session start time.
If multiple arguments are given, and a snapshot time is not
specified, the information which applies to any of the arguments is printed,
e.g., “last root -t console ” would
list all of “root 's” sessions as well
as all sessions on the console terminal. If no users, hostnames or terminals
are specified, last prints a record of all logins
and logouts.
The pseudo-user reboot logs in at reboots of
the system, thus “last reboot ” will
give an indication of mean time between reboot.
If last is interrupted, it indicates to
what date the search has progressed. If interrupted with a quit signal
last indicates how far the search has progressed and
then continues.
- /var/log/utx.log
- login data base
Show logins in pts/14 with the duration in seconds and limit the report to two
lines:
$ last -n2 -s -t pts/14
bob pts/1 Wed Dec 9 11:08 still logged in
bob pts/2 Mon Dec 7 20:10 - 20:23 ( 776)
Show active logins at ‘December 7th
20:23 ’ of the current year:
$ last -d 12072023
bob pts/1 Mon Dec 7 20:10 - 20:23 (00:12)
bob pts/6 Mon Dec 7 19:24 - 22:27 (03:03)
alice ttyv0 Mon Dec 7 19:18 - 22:27 (03:09)
last utility first appeared in
1BSD.
The original version was written by Howard P. Katseff;
Keith Bostic rewrote it in 1986/87 to add
functionality and to improve code quality. Philip
Paeps added
libxo(3)
support in August 2018.
If a login shell should terminate abnormally for some reason, it is likely that
a logout record will not be written to the utx.log
file. In this case, last will indicate the logout time
as "shutdown".
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