Command Lines

A command line is a sequence of commands, separated by ampersands or semicolons (& or ;), terminated by a newline. The commands are executed in sequence from left to right. Rc does not wait for a command followed by & to finish executing before starting the following command. Whenever a command followed by & is executed, its process id is assigned to the rc variable $apid. Whenever a command not followed by & exits or is terminated, the rc variable $status gets the process's wait message (see it will be the null string if the command was successful.

A long command line may be continued on subsequent lines by typing a backslash (\) followed by a newline. This sequence is treated as though it were a blank. Backslash is not otherwise a special character.

A number-sign (#) and any following characters up to (but not including) the next newline are ignored, except in quotation marks.

Simple Commands

A simple command is a sequence of arguments interspersed with I/O redirections. If the first argument is the name of an rc function or of one of rc's built-in commands, it is executed by rc. Otherwise if the name starts with a slash (/), it must be the path name of the program to be executed. Names containing no initial slash are searched for in a list of directory names stored in $path. The first executable file of the given name found in a directory in $path is the program to be executed. To be executable, the user must have execute permission (see and the file must be either an executable binary for the current machine's CPU type, or a shell script. Shell scripts begin with a line containing the full path name of a shell (usually /bin/rc), prefixed by

The first word of a simple command cannot be a keyword unless it is quoted or otherwise disguised. The keywords are

	for in while if not switch fn ~ ! @

Arguments and Variables

A number of constructions may be used where rc's syntax requires an argument to appear. In many cases a construction's value will be a list of arguments rather than a single string.

The simplest kind of argument is the unquoted word: a sequence of one or more characters none of which is a blank, tab, newline, or any of the following:

	# ; & | ^ $ ` ' { } ( ) < >

	x=/tmp echo $x^/*.c

A quoted word is a sequence of characters surrounded by single quotes ('). A single quote is represented in a quoted word by a pair of quotes ('').

Each of the following is an argument.

(arguments)
The value of a sequence of arguments enclosed in parentheses is a list comprising the members of each element of the sequence. Argument lists have no recursive structure, although their syntax may suggest it. The following are entirely equivalent:

	echo hi there everybody
	((echo) (hi there) everybody)

$argument

$argument(subscript)
The argument after the $ is the name of a variable whose value is substituted. Multiple levels of indirection are possible, but of questionable utility. Variable values are lists of strings. If argument is a number n, the value is the nth element of $*, unless $* doesn't have n elements, in which case the value is empty. If argument is followed by a parenthesized list of subscripts, the value substituted is a list composed of the requested elements (origin 1). The parenthesis must follow the variable name with no spaces. Subscripts can also take the form m-n or m- to indicate a sequence of elements. Assignments to variables are described below.

$#argument
The value is the number of elements in the named variable. A variable never assigned a value has zero elements.

$"argument
The value is a single string containing the components of the named variable separated by spaces. A variable with zero elements yields the empty string.

`{command}
rc executes the command and reads its standard output, splitting it into a list of arguments, using characters in $ifs as separators. If $ifs is not otherwise set, its value is ' \t\n'.

<{command}

>{command}
The command is executed asynchronously with its standard output or standard input connected to a pipe. The value of the argument is the name of a file referring to the other end of the pipe. This allows the construction of non-linear pipelines. For example, the following runs two commands old and new and uses cmp to compare their outputs

	cmp <{old} <{new}

<>{command}
The command is executed asynchronously with its standard input and output each connected to a pipe. The value of the argument is a pair of file names referring to the two other ends of the pipes, in the order corresponding to the symbols < and > (first the pipe connected to the command's standard output, then the pipe connected to its standard input).

argument^argument
The ^ operator concatenates its two operands. If the two operands have the same number of components, they are concatenated pairwise. If not, then one operand must have one component, and the other must be non-empty, and concatenation is distributive.

Free Carets

Rc will insert the ^ operator automatically between words that are not separated by white space. Thus

cc -$flags $stem.c

is equivalent to

cc -^$flags $stem^.c

I/O Redirections

The sequence >file redirects the standard output file (file descriptor 1, normally the terminal) to the named file; >>file appends standard output to the file. The standard input file (file descriptor 0, also normally the terminal) may be redirected from a file by the sequence <file, or from an inline `here document' by the sequence <<eof-marker. The contents of a here document are lines of text taken from the command input stream up to a line containing nothing but the eof-marker, which may be either a quoted or unquoted word. If eof-marker is unquoted, variable names of the form $word have their values substituted from rc's environment. If $word is followed by a caret (^), the caret is deleted. If eof-marker is quoted, no substitution occurs.

Redirections may be applied to a file-descriptor other than standard input or output by qualifying the redirection operator with a number in square brackets. For example, the diagnostic output (file descriptor 2) may be redirected by writing cc junk.c >[2]junk.

A file descriptor may be redirected to an already open descriptor by writing >[fd0=fd1] or <[fd0=fd1]. Fd1 is a previously opened file descriptor and fd0 becomes a new copy (in the sense of of it. A file descriptor may be closed by writing >[fd0=] or <[fd0=].

Redirections are executed from left to right. Therefore, cc junk.c >/dev/null >[2=1] and cc junk.c >[2=1] >/dev/null have different effects: the first puts standard output in /dev/null and then puts diagnostic output in the same place, where the second directs diagnostic output to the terminal and sends standard output to /dev/null.

Compound Commands

A pair of commands separated by a pipe operator (|) is a command. The standard output of the left command is sent through a pipe to the standard input of the right command. The pipe operator may be decorated to use different file descriptors. |[fd] connects the output end of the pipe to file descriptor fd rather than 1. |[fd0=fd1] connects output to fd1 of the left command and input to fd0 of the right command.

A pair of commands separated by && or || is a command. In either case, the left command is executed and its exit status examined. If the operator is && the right command is executed if the left command's status is null. || causes the right command to be executed if the left command's status is non-null.

The exit status of a command may be inverted (non-null is changed to null, null is changed to non-null) by preceding it with a !.

The | operator has highest precedence, and is left-associative (i.e. binds tighter to the left than the right). ! has intermediate precedence, and && and || have the lowest precedence.

The unary @ operator, with precedence equal to !, causes its operand to be executed in a subshell.

Each of the following is a command.

if ( list ) command
A list is a sequence of commands, separated by &, ;, or newline. It is executed and if its exit status is null, the command is executed.

if not command
The immediately preceding command must have been if(list) command. If its condition was non-zero, the command is executed.

for(name in arguments) command

for(name) command
The command is executed once for each argument with that argument assigned to name. If the argument list is omitted, $* is used.

while(list) command
The list is executed repeatedly until its exit status is non-null. Each time it returns null status, the command is executed. An empty list is taken to give null status.

switch(argument){list}
The list is searched for simple commands beginning with the word case. (The search is only at the `top level' of the list. That is, cases in nested constructs are not found.) Argument is matched against each word following case using the pattern-matching algorithm described above, except that / and the first characters of . and .. need not be matched explicitly. When a match is found, commands in the list are executed up to the next following case command (at the top level) or the closing brace.

{list}
Braces serve to alter the grouping of commands implied by operator priorities. The body is a sequence of commands separated by &, ;, or newline.

fn name{list}

fn name
The first form defines a function with the given name. Subsequently, whenever a command whose first argument is name is encountered, the current value of the remainder of the command's argument list will be assigned to $*, after saving its current value, and rc will execute the list. The second form removes name's function definition.

fn note{list}

fn note
A function with a special name will be called when rc receives a corresponding note; see The valid note names (and corresponding notes) are sighup (hangup), sigint (interrupt), sigalrm (alarm), and sigfpe (floating point trap). By default rc exits on receiving any signal, except when run interactively, in which case interrupts and quits normally cause rc to stop whatever it's doing and start reading a new command. The second form causes rc to handle a signal in the default manner. Rc recognizes an artificial note, sigexit, which occurs when rc is about to finish executing.

name=argument command
Any command may be preceded by a sequence of assignments interspersed with redirections. The assignments remain in effect until the end of the command, unless the command is empty (i.e. the assignments stand alone), in which case they are effective until rescinded by later assignments.

Built-in Commands

These commands are executed internally by rc, usually because their execution changes or depends on rc's internal state.

. file ...
Execute commands from file. $* is set for the duration to the remainder of the argument list following file. File is searched for using $path.

builtin command ...
Execute command as usual except that any function named command is ignored in favor of the built-in meaning.

cd [dir]
Change the current directory to dir. The default argument is $home. dir is searched for in each of the directories mentioned in $cdpath.

eval [arg ...]
The arguments are concatenated separated by spaces into a single string, read as input to rc, and executed.

exec [command ...]
This instance of rc replaces itself with the given (non-built-in) command.

flag f [+-]
Either set (+), clear (-), or test (neither + nor -) the flag f, where f is a single character, one of the command line flags (see Invocation, below).

exit [status]
Exit with the given exit status. If none is given, the current value of $status is used.

rfork [nNeEsfFm]
Become a new process group using rfork(flags) where flags is composed of the bitwise OR of the rfork flags specified by the option letters (see If no flags are given, they default to ens. The flags and their meanings are: n is RFNAMEG; N is RFCNAMEG; e is RFENVG; E is RFCENVG; s is RFNOTEG; f is RFFDG; F is RFCFDG; and m is RFNOMNT.

shift [n]
Delete the first n (default 1) elements of $*.

wait [pid]
Wait for the process with the given pid to exit. If no pid is given, all outstanding processes are waited for.

whatis name ...
Print the value of each name in a form suitable for input to rc. The output is an assignment to any variable, the definition of any function, a call to builtin for any built-in command, or the completed pathname of any executable file.

~ subject pattern ...
The subject is matched against each pattern in sequence. If it matches any pattern, $status is set to zero. Otherwise, $status is set to one. Patterns are the same as for file name matching, except that / and the first character of . and .. need not be matched explicitly. The patterns are not subjected to file name matching before the ~ command is executed, so they need not be enclosed in quotation marks.

Environment

The environment is a list of strings made available to executing binaries by the kernel. Rc creates an environment entry for each variable whose value is non-empty, and for each function. The string for a variable entry has the variable's name followed by = and its value. If the value has more than one component, these are separated by SOH (001) characters. The string for a function is just the rc input that defines the function. The name of a function in the environment is the function name preceded by

When rc starts executing it reads variable and function definitions from its environment.

Special Variables

The following variables are set or used by rc.

$*

Set to rc's argument list during initialization. Whenever a . command or a function is executed, the current value is saved and $* receives the new argument list. The saved value is restored on completion of the . or function.

$apid

Whenever a process is started asynchronously with &, $apid is set to its process id.

$home

The default directory for cd. Defaults to $HOME or else

$ifs

The input field separators used in backquote substitutions. If $ifs is not set in rc's environment, it is initialized to blank, tab and newline.

$path

The search path used to find commands and input files for the . command. If not set in the environment, it is initialized by parsing the $PATH variable (as in or by path=(. /bin). The variables $path and $PATH are maintained together: changes to one will be reflected in the other.

$pid

Set during initialization to rc's process id.

$prompt

When rc is run interactively, the first component of $prompt is printed before reading each command. The second component is printed whenever a newline is typed and more lines are required to complete the command. If not set in the environment, it is initialized by prompt=('% ' ' ').

$status

Set to the wait message of the last-executed program. (unless started with &). ! and ~ also change $status. Its value is used to control execution in &&, ||, if and while commands. When rc exits at end-of-file of its input or on executing an exit command with no argument, $status is its exit status.

Invocation

If rc is started with no arguments it reads commands from standard input. Otherwise its first non-flag argument is the name of a file from which to read commands (but see -c below). Subsequent arguments become the initial value of $*. Rc accepts the following command-line flags.

-c string

Commands are read from string.

-s

Print out exit status after any command where the status is non-null.

-e

Exit if $status is non-null after executing a simple command.

-i

If -i is present, or rc is given no arguments and its standard input is a terminal, it runs interactively. Commands are prompted for using $prompt.

-I

Makes sure rc is not run interactively.

-l

If -l is given or the first character of argument zero is -, rc reads commands from $home/lib/profile, if it exists, before reading its normal input.

-p

A no-op.

-d

A no-op.

-v

Echo input on file descriptor 2 as it is read.

-x

Print each simple command before executing it.

-r

Print debugging information (internal form of commands as they are executed).