NAME

jot — print sequential or random data

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

The jot utility is used to print out increasing, decreasing, random, or redundant data, usually numbers, one per line.

The following options are available:

-r

Generate random data instead of the default sequential data.

-b word

Just print word repetitively.

-w word

Print word with the generated data appended to it. Octal, hexadecimal, exponential, ASCII, zero padded, and right-adjusted representations are possible by using the appropriate printf(3) conversion specification inside word, in which case the data are inserted rather than appended.

-c

This is an abbreviation for -w %c.

-s string

Print data separated by string. Normally, newlines separate data.

-n

Do not print the final newline normally appended to the output.

-p precision

Print only as many digits or characters of the data as indicated by the integer precision. In the absence of -p, the precision is the greater of the precisions of begin and end. The -p option is overridden by whatever appears in a printf(3) conversion following -w.

The last four arguments indicate, respectively, the number of data, the lower bound, the upper bound, and the step size or, for random data, the seed. While at least one of them must appear, any of the other three may be omitted, and will be considered as such if given as - or as an empty string. Any three of these arguments determines the fourth. If four are specified and the given and computed values of reps conflict, the lower value is used. If one or two are specified, defaults are assigned starting with s, which assumes a default of 1 (or -1 if begin and end specify a descending range). Then the default values are assigned to the leftmost omitted arguments until three arguments are set.

Defaults for the four arguments are, respectively, 100, 1, 100, and 1, except that when random data are requested, the seed, s, is picked randomly. The reps argument is expected to be an unsigned integer, and if given as zero is taken to be infinite. The begin and end arguments may be given as real numbers or as characters representing the corresponding value in ASCII. The last argument must be a real number.

Random numbers are obtained through arc4random(3) when no seed is specified, and through random(3) when a seed is given. When jot is asked to generate random integers or characters with begin and end values in the range of the random number generator function and no format is specified with one of the -w, -b, or -p options, jot will arrange for all the values in the range to appear in the output with an equal probability. In all other cases be careful to ensure that the output format's rounding or truncation will not skew the distribution of output values in an unintended way.

The name jot derives in part from iota, a function in APL.

$ jot 6 1 10 0.5
1
2
2
2
3
4

$ jot -p 1 6 1 10 0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5

$ jot -p 0 6 .9999999999 10 0.5
1
1
2
2
3
3

$ jot -w %d 6 1 10 0.5

EXIT STATUS

The jot utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

EXAMPLES

The command

prints the integers from 1 to 10, while the command

prints 21 evenly spaced numbers increasing from -1 to 1. The ASCII character set is generated with

and the strings xaa through xaz with

while 20 random 8-letter strings are produced with

Infinitely many yes's may be obtained through

and thirty ed(1) substitution commands applying to lines 2, 7, 12, etc. is the result of

The stuttering sequence 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, etc. can be produced by truncating the output precision and a suitable choice of step size, as in

and a file containing exactly 1024 bytes is created with

Finally, to set tabs four spaces apart starting from column 10 and ending in column 132, use

and to print all lines 80 characters or longer,

DIAGNOSTICS

The following diagnostic messages deserve special explanation:

illegal or unsupported format '%s'

The requested conversion format specifier for printf(3) was not of the form

%[#][ ][{+,-}][0-9]*[.[0-9]*]?

where “?” must be one of

[l]{d,i,o,u,x}

or

{c,e,f,g,D,E,G,O,U,X}

range error in conversion

A value to be printed fell outside the range of the data type associated with the requested output format.

too many conversions

More than one conversion format specifier has been supplied, but only one is allowed.

SEE ALSO

ed(1), expand(1), rs(1), seq(1), yes(1), arc4random(3), printf(3), random(3)

HISTORY

The jot utility first appeared in 4.2BSD.

AUTHORS

John A. Kunze