Passing and Returning Integers

Rust Source

 #![crate_type = "cdylib"]
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
     a + b
 }

Perl Source

 use FFI::Platypus 2.00;
 use FFI::CheckLib qw( find_lib_or_die );
 use File::Basename qw( dirname );
 
 my $ffi = FFI::Platypus->new( api => 2, lang => 'Rust' );
 $ffi->lib(
     find_lib_or_die(
         lib        => 'add',
         libpath    => [dirname __FILE__],
         systempath => [],
     )
 );
 
 $ffi->attach( add => ['i32', 'i32'] => 'i32' );
 
 print add(1,2), "\n";  # prints 3

Execute

 $ rustc add.rs
 $ perl add.pl
 3

Notes

Basic types like integers and floating points are the easiest to pass across the FFI boundary. The Platypus Rust language plugin (this module) provides the basic types used by Rust (for example: "bool", "i32", "u64", "f64", "isize" and others) will all work as a Rust programmer would expect. This is nice because you don't have to think about what the equivalent types would be in C when you are writing your Perl extension in Rust.

Rust symbols are "mangled" by default, which means that you cannot use the name of the function from the source code without knowing what the mangled name is. Rust provides a function attribute "#[no_mangle]" which will tell the compiler not to mangle the name, making lookup of the symbol possible from other programming languages like Perl.

Rust functions do not use the same ABI as C by default, so if you want to be able to call Rust functions from Perl they need to be declared as "extern "C"" as in this example.

We also set the "crate type" to "cdylib" in the first line to tell the Rust compiler to generate a dynamic library that will be consumed by a non-Rust language like Perl.

String Arguments

Rust Source

 #![crate_type = "cdylib"]
 
 use std::ffi::CStr;
 use std::os::raw::c_char;
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn how_many_characters(s: *const c_char) -> isize {
     if s.is_null() {
         return -1;
     }
 
     let s = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(s) };
 
     match s.to_str() {
         Ok(s) => s.chars().count() as isize,
         Err(_) => -2,
     }
 }

Perl Source

 use FFI::Platypus 2.00;
 use FFI::CheckLib qw( find_lib_or_die );
 use File::Basename qw( dirname );
 
 my $ffi = FFI::Platypus->new( api => 2, lang => 'Rust' );
 $ffi->lib(
     find_lib_or_die(
         lib        => 'argument',
         libpath    => [dirname __FILE__],
         systempath => [],
     )
 );
 
 $ffi->attach( how_many_characters => ['string'] => 'isize' );
 
 print how_many_characters(undef), "\n";           # prints -1
 print how_many_characters("frooble bits"), "\n";  # prints 12

Execute

 $ rustc argument.rs
 $ perl argument.pl
 -1
 12

Notes

Strings are considerably more complicated for a number of reasons, but for passing them into Rust code the main challenge is that the representation is different from what C uses. C Uses NULL terminated strings and Rust uses a pointer and size combination that allows NULLs inside strings. Perls internal representation of strings is actually closer to what Rust uses, but when Perl talks to other languages it typically uses C Strings.

Getting a Rust string slice &str requires a few stems

We have to ensure the C pointer is not "NULL"

We return -1 to indicate an error here. As we can see from the calling Perl code passing an "undef" from Perl is equivalent to passing in "NULL" from C.

Wrap using "Cstr"

We then wrap the pointer using an "unsafe" block. Even though we know at this point that the pointer cannot be "NULL" it could technically be pointing to uninitialized or unaddressable memory. This "unsafe" block is unfortunately necessary, though it is relatively isolated so it is easy to reason about and review.

Convert to UTF-8

If the string that we passed in is valid UTF-8 we can convert it to a &str using "to_str" and compute the length of the string. Otherwise, we return -2 error.

(This example is based on one provided in the Rust FFI Omnibus <http://jakegoulding.com/rust-ffi-omnibus/string_arguments/>)

Returning allocated strings

Rust Source

 #![crate_type = "cdylib"]
 
 use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::iter;
 use std::os::raw::c_char;
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn theme_song_generate(length: u8) -> *mut c_char {
     let mut song = String::from("💣 ");
     song.extend(iter::repeat("na ").take(length as usize));
     song.push_str("Batman! 💣");
 
     let c_str_song = CString::new(song).unwrap();
     c_str_song.into_raw()
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn theme_song_free(s: *mut c_char) {
     if s.is_null() {
         return;
     }
     unsafe { CString::from_raw(s) };
 }

Perl Source

 use FFI::Platypus 2.00;
 use FFI::CheckLib qw( find_lib_or_die );
 use File::Basename qw( dirname );
 
 my $ffi = FFI::Platypus->new( api => 2, lang => 'Rust' );
 $ffi->lib(
     find_lib_or_die(
         lib        => 'return',
         libpath    => [dirname __FILE__],
         systempath => [],
     )
 );
 
 $ffi->attach( theme_song_free     => ['opaque'] => 'void'   );
 
 $ffi->attach( theme_song_generate => ['u8']     => 'opaque' => sub {
     my($xsub, $length) = @_;
     my $ptr = $xsub->($length);
     my $str = $ffi->cast( 'opaque' => 'string', $ptr );
     theme_song_free($ptr);
     $str;
 });
 
 print theme_song_generate(42), "\n";

Execute

 $ rustc return.rs
 $ perl return.pl
 💣 na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na na Batman! 💣

Notes

The big challenge of returning strings from Rust into Perl is handling the ownership. In this example we have a C API implemented in Rust that returns a C NULL terminated string, but we have to pass it back into Rust in order to deallocate it when we are done.

Unfortunately Platypus' "string" type assumes that the callee retains ownership of the returned string, so we have to get the pointer instead as an "opaque" so that we can later free it. Before freeing it though we cast it into a Perl string.

In order to hide the complexities from caller of our "theme_song_generate" function, we use a function wrapper to do all of that for us.

(This example is based on one provided in the Rust FFI Omnibus <http://jakegoulding.com/rust-ffi-omnibus/string_return/>)

Returning allocated strings, but keeping ownership

Rust Source

 #![crate_type = "cdylib"]
 
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::iter;
 use std::os::raw::c_char;
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn theme_song_generate(length: u8) -> *const c_char {
     thread_local! {
         static KEEP: RefCell<Option<CString>> = RefCell::new(None);
     }
 
     let mut song = String::from("💣 ");
     song.extend(iter::repeat("na ").take(length as usize));
     song.push_str("Batman! 💣");
 
     let c_str_song = CString::new(song).unwrap();
 
     let ptr = c_str_song.as_ptr();
 
     KEEP.with(|k| {
         *k.borrow_mut() = Some(c_str_song);
     });
 
     ptr
 }

Perl Source

 use FFI::Platypus 2.00;
 use FFI::CheckLib qw( find_lib_or_die );
 use File::Basename qw( dirname );
 
 my $ffi = FFI::Platypus->new( api => 2, lang => 'Rust' );
 $ffi->lib(
     find_lib_or_die(
         lib        => 'keep',
         libpath    => [dirname __FILE__],
         systempath => [],
     )
 );
 
 $ffi->attach( theme_song_generate => ['u8'] => 'string' );
 
 print theme_song_generate($_), "\n" for 1..10;

Execute

 $ rustc keep.rs
 $ perl keep.pl
 💣 na Batman! 💣
 💣 na na Batman! 💣
 💣 na na na Batman! 💣
 💣 na na na na Batman! 💣
 💣 na na na na na Batman! 💣
 💣 na na na na na na Batman! 💣
 💣 na na na na na na na Batman! 💣
 💣 na na na na na na na na Batman! 💣
 💣 na na na na na na na na na Batman! 💣
 💣 na na na na na na na na na na Batman! 💣

Notes

For frequently called functions with smaller strings it may make more sense to keep ownership of the string and just return a pointer. Perl makes its own copy on return anyway when you use the "string" type.

In this example we use thread local storage to keep the "CString" until the next call when it will be freed. Since we are using thread local storage, it should even be safe to use this interface from a threaded Perl program (although you should probably not be using threaded Perl).

(This example is based on one provided in the Rust FFI Omnibus <http://jakegoulding.com/rust-ffi-omnibus/string_arguments/>)

Return static strings

Rust Source

 #![crate_type = "cdylib"]
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn hello_rust() -> *const u8 {
     "Hello, world!\0".as_ptr()
 }

Perl Source

 use FFI::CheckLib qw( find_lib_or_die );
 use File::Basename qw( dirname );
 use FFI::Platypus 1.00;
 
 my $ffi = FFI::Platypus->new( api => 1, lang => 'Rust');
 $ffi->lang('Rust');
 $ffi->lib(
     find_lib_or_die(
         lib        => 'static',
         libpath    => [dirname __FILE__],
         systempath => [],
     )
 );
 $ffi->lib('./libstring.so');
 $ffi->attach(hello_rust => [] => 'string');
 
 print hello_rust(), "\n";

Execute

 $ rustc static.rs
 $ perl static.pl
 Hello, world!

Notes

Sometimes you just want to return a static NULL terminated string from Rust to Perl. This can sometimes be useful for returning error messages.

Callbacks

Rust Source

 #![crate_type = "cdylib"]
 
 use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::os::raw::c_char;
 
 type PerlLog = extern "C" fn(line: *const c_char);
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn rust_log(logf: PerlLog) {
     let lines: [&str; 3] = ["Hello from rust!", "Something else.", "The last log line"];
 
     for line in lines.iter() {
         // convert string slice to a C style NULL terminated string
         let line = CString::new(*line).unwrap();
         logf(line.as_ptr());
     }
 }

Perl Source

 use FFI::Platypus 2.00;
 use FFI::CheckLib qw( find_lib_or_die );
 use File::Basename qw( dirname );
 
 my $ffi = FFI::Platypus->new( api => 2, lang => 'Rust' );
 $ffi->lib(
     find_lib_or_die(
         lib        => 'callback',
         libpath    => [dirname __FILE__],
         systempath => [],
     )
 );
 
 $ffi->type( '(string)->void' => 'PerlLog' );
 $ffi->attach( rust_log => ['PerlLog'] );
 
 my $perl_log = $ffi->closure(sub {
     my $message = shift;
     print "log> $message\n";
 });
 
 rust_log($perl_log);

Execute

 $ rustc callback.rs
 $ perl callback.pl
 log> Hello from rust!
 log> Something else.
 log> The last log line

Notes

Calling back into Perl from Rust is easy, so long as you have the correct types defined. The above Rust function takes a C function pointer. We can crate a Platypus closure object from Perl from a plain Perl sub and pass the closure into Rust.

Slice arguments

Rust Source

 #![crate_type = "cdylib"]
 
 use std::slice;
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn sum_of_even(numbers: *const u32, len: usize) -> i64 {
     if numbers.is_null() {
         return -1;
     }
 
     let numbers = unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts(numbers, len) };
 
     let sum: u32 = numbers.iter().filter(|&v| v % 2 == 0).sum();
     sum as i64
 }

Perl Source

 use FFI::Platypus 2.00;
 use FFI::CheckLib qw( find_lib_or_die );
 use File::Basename qw( dirname );
 
 my $ffi = FFI::Platypus->new( api => 2, lang => 'Rust' );
 $ffi->lib(
     find_lib_or_die(
         lib        => 'slice',
         libpath    => [dirname __FILE__],
         systempath => [],
     )
 );
 
 $ffi->attach( sum_of_even => ['u32*', 'usize'] => 'i64' );
 
 print sum_of_even(undef, 0), "\n";          # print -1
 print sum_of_even([1,2,3,4,5,6], 6), "\n";  # print 12

Execute

 $ rustc slice.rs
 $ perl slice.pl
 -1
 12

Notes

A Rust slice is a pointer to a chunk of homogeneous data, and the number of elements in the slice. We can pass these two pieces in from Perl and combine them into a slice in Rust.

This example sums the even numbers from a slice and returns the result.

(This example is based on one provided in the Rust FFI Omnibus <http://jakegoulding.com/rust-ffi-omnibus/slice_arguments/>)

Tuples

Rust Source

 #![crate_type = "cdylib"]
 
 use std::convert::From;
 
 // A Rust function that accepts a tuple
 fn flip_things_around_rust(tup: (u32, u32)) -> (u32, u32) {
     let (a, b) = tup;
     (b + 1, a - 1)
 }
 
 // A struct that can be passed between C and Rust
 #[repr(C)]
 pub struct Tuple {
     x: u32,
     y: u32,
 }
 
 // Conversion functions
 impl From<(u32, u32)> for Tuple {
     fn from(tup: (u32, u32)) -> Tuple {
         Tuple { x: tup.0, y: tup.1 }
     }
 }
 
 impl From<Tuple> for (u32, u32) {
     fn from(tup: Tuple) -> (u32, u32) {
         (tup.x, tup.y)
     }
 }
 
 // The exported C method
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn flip_things_around(tup: Tuple) -> Tuple {
     flip_things_around_rust(tup.into()).into()
 }

Perl Source

 use FFI::Platypus 2.00;
 use FFI::CheckLib qw( find_lib_or_die );
 use File::Basename qw( dirname );
 
 my $ffi = FFI::Platypus->new( api => 2, lang => 'Rust' );
 $ffi->lib(
     find_lib_or_die(
         lib        => 'tuple',
         libpath    => [dirname __FILE__],
         systempath => [],
     )
 );
 
 package Tuple;
 
 use FFI::Platypus::Record;
 
 use overload
   '""' => sub { shift->as_string },
   bool => sub { 1 }, fallback => 1;
 
 record_layout_1($ffi, qw(
   u32 x
   u32 y
 ));
 
 sub as_string {
   my $self = shift;
   sprintf "[%d,%d]", $self->x, $self->y;
 }
 
 package main;
 
 $ffi->type('record(Tuple)' => 'tuple_t');
 $ffi->attach( flip_things_around => ['tuple_t'] => 'tuple_t' );
 
 print flip_things_around(Tuple->new(x => 10, y => 20)), "\n";

Execute

 $ rustc tuple.rs
 $ perl tuple.pl
 [21,9]

Notes

Rust's tuples do not have a standard representation that can be used directly from Perl, but if your tuple contains only simple types you can use the Platypus Record class and translate in Rust between the tuple and the "struct".

Because we are passing in and out the entire "struct", not pointers to a "struct" we don't have to worry about freeing them from Perl. They just get allocated and freed on the stack.

(This example is based on one provided in the Rust FFI Omnibus <http://jakegoulding.com/rust-ffi-omnibus/tuples/>)

Objects

Rust Source

 use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::ffi::c_void;
 use std::ffi::CStr;
 use std::ffi::CString;
 use std::os::raw::c_char;
 
 struct Person {
     name: String,
     lucky_number: i32,
 }
 
 impl Person {
     fn new(name: &str, lucky_number: i32) -> Person {
         Person {
             name: String::from(name),
             lucky_number: lucky_number,
         }
     }
 
     fn get_name(&self) -> String {
         String::from(&self.name)
     }
 
     fn set_name(&mut self, new: &str) {
         self.name = new.to_string();
     }
 
     fn get_lucky_number(&self) -> i32 {
         self.lucky_number
     }
 }
 
 type CPerson = c_void;
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn person_new(
     _class: *const c_char,
     name: *const c_char,
     lucky_number: i32,
 ) -> *mut CPerson {
     let name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(name) };
     let name = name.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
     Box::into_raw(Box::new(Person::new(&name, lucky_number))) as *mut CPerson
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn person_name(p: *mut CPerson) -> *const c_char {
     thread_local!(
         static KEEP: RefCell<Option<CString>> = RefCell::new(None);
     );
 
     let p = unsafe { &*(p as *mut Person) };
     let name = CString::new(p.get_name()).unwrap();
     let ptr = name.as_ptr();
     KEEP.with(|k| {
         *k.borrow_mut() = Some(name);
     });
     ptr
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn person_rename(p: *mut CPerson, new: *const c_char) {
     let new = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(new) };
     let p = unsafe { &mut *(p as *mut Person) };
     if let Ok(new) = new.to_str() {
         p.set_name(new);
     }
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn person_lucky_number(p: *mut CPerson) -> i32 {
     let p = unsafe { &*(p as *mut Person) };
     p.get_lucky_number()
 }
 
 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn person_DESTROY(p: *mut CPerson) {
     unsafe { Box::from_raw(p as *mut Person) };
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test;

Perl Source

Main class:

 package Person;
 
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 use FFI::Platypus 2.00;
 
 our $VERSION = '2.00';
 
 my $ffi = FFI::Platypus->new( api => 2, lang => 'Rust' );
 
 # use the bundled code as a library
 $ffi->bundle;
 
 # use the person_ prefix
 $ffi->mangler(sub {
     my $symbol = shift;
     return "person_$symbol";
 });
 
 # Create a custom type mapping for the person_t (C) and Person (perl)
 # classes.
 $ffi->type( 'object(Person)' => 'person_t' );
 
 $ffi->attach( new          => [ 'string', 'string', 'i32' ] => 'person_t' );
 $ffi->attach( name         => [ 'person_t' ] => 'string' );
 $ffi->attach( rename       => [ 'person_t', 'string' ] );
 $ffi->attach( lucky_number => [ 'person_t' ] => 'i32' );
 $ffi->attach( DESTROY      => [ 'person_t' ] );
 
 1;

Test:

 use Test2::V0;
 use Person;
 
 my $plicease = Person->new("Graham Ollis", 42);
 
 is $plicease->name, "Graham Ollis";
 is $plicease->lucky_number, 42;
 
 $plicease->rename("Graham THE Ollis");
 
 is $plicease->name, "Graham THE Ollis";
 
 done_testing;

Execute

 $ prove -lvm t/basic.t
 t/basic.t ..
 # Seeded srand with seed '20221023' from local date.
 ok 1
 ok 2
 ok 3
 1..3
 ok
 All tests successful.
 Files=1, Tests=3,  0 wallclock secs ( 0.02 usr  0.00 sys +  0.19 cusr  0.05 csys =  0.26 CPU)
 Result: PASS

Notes

This example includes excerpts from a full "Person" dist which you can find in the "examples/Person" directory of this distribution. You can install it like a normal Perl distribution using ExtUtils::MakeMaker, or you can simply run the test file by using App::Prove. That is because we are using FFI::Build and FFI::Build::File::Cargo to build the Rust parts for us, which know how to work in either mode. There are some stuff that we don't show you here for brevity: the "Makefile.PL" for example, and also the rust tests in "ffi/src/test.rs" which test the Rust crate by calling both its Rust and C interface.

What we have done here is created a Rust "struct" and then written C wrappers to create, query and modify the object. We've also created a destructor to free the object when we are done with it.

In terms of naming conventions, we use "person_" prefix to denote that these are methods for the Person class that we are creating. This is a common convention in C, where the only namespaces are adding prefixes like this. We also break the convention of using snake case for the destructor "person_DESTROY" because that will make it easier to bind to from Perl.

When we creat the object we use "Box::new" and "Box::into_raw" to create the object on the heap, and to return the opaque pointer back to Perl.

For methods we can convert the raw pointers back into a Person "struct" using "&*(p as *mut Person)" inside an "unsafe" block. In the case of "person_rename" we need a mutable version so we use "&mut *(p as *mut Person)" instead.

Finally when we are done with the object we can free it by simply calling "Box::from_raw". When it falls out of scope it will be freed.

On the Perl side, we use the "mangler" method to prepend all symbols with the "person_" prefix, so that we can attach with just the method name.

We also create a Platypus type for object(Person) and give it the alias "person_t". Now we can use it as an argument and return type. This is really a pointer to an opaque (to perl) "struct".

If you look at just the test, then you can't even tell that the implementation for our Person class is in Rust, which is good because your users shouldn't have to care!

Panic!

Rust Source

 #![crate_type = "cdylib"]
 
 use std::panic::catch_unwind;
 
 fn might_panic(i: u32) -> u32 {
     if i % 2 == 1 {
         panic!("oops!");
     }
     i / 2
 }
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "C" fn oopsie(i: u32) -> i64 {
     let result = catch_unwind(|| might_panic(i));
     match result {
         Ok(i) => i as i64,
         Err(_) => -1,
     }
 }

Perl Source

 use FFI::Platypus 2.00;
 use FFI::CheckLib qw( find_lib_or_die );
 use File::Basename qw( dirname );
 
 my $ffi = FFI::Platypus->new( api => 2, lang => 'Rust' );
 $ffi->lib(
     find_lib_or_die(
         lib        => 'panic',
         libpath    => [dirname __FILE__],
         systempath => [],
     )
 );
 
 $ffi->attach( oopsie => ['u32'] => 'i64' );
 
 print oopsie(5), "\n";   # -1
 print oopsie(10), "\n";  # 5

Execute

 $ perl panic.pl
 thread '<unnamed>' panicked at 'oops!', panic.rs:7:9
 note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
 -1
 5

Notes

Be cautious about code that might "panic!". A "panic!" across the FFI boundary is undefined behavior and usually results in a crash. You will want to catch the panic with a "catch_unwind" and map to an appropriate error result. In this example, we have a function that returns the integer passed in divided by 2. It does not like odd numbers though and will panic. So we catch the panic and return -1 to indicate an error. As you can see from the run we also get a rather ugly diagnostic, but at least our program didn't crash!

native_type_map

 my $hashref = FFI::Platypus::Lang::Rust->native_type_map;

This returns a hash reference containing the native aliases for the Rust programming languages. That is the keys are native Rust types and the values are libffi native types.