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ROFF(7) |
FreeBSD Miscellaneous Information Manual |
ROFF(7) |
roff —
roff language reference for mandoc
The roff language is a general purpose text formatting
language. Since traditional implementations of the
mdoc(7) and
man(7)
manual formatting languages are based on it, many real-world manuals use small
numbers of roff requests and escape sequences
intermixed with their
mdoc(7) or
man(7) code.
To properly format such manuals, the
mandoc(1)
utility supports a subset of roff requests and
escapes. Even though this manual page lists all roff
requests and escape sequences, it only contains partial information about
requests not supported by
mandoc(1)
and about language features that do not matter for manual pages. For complete
roff manuals, consult the
SEE ALSO section.
Input lines beginning with the control character ‘.’
are parsed for requests and macros. Such lines are called “request
lines” or “macro lines”, respectively. Requests change
the processing state and manipulate the formatting; some macros also define
the document structure and produce formatted output. The single quote
(“'”) is accepted as an alternative control character, treated
by
mandoc(1)
just like ‘. ’
Lines not beginning with control characters are called
“text lines”. They provide free-form text to be printed; the
formatting of the text depends on the respective processing context.
roff documents may contain only graphable 7-bit ASCII
characters, the space character, and, in certain circumstances, the tab
character. The backslash character ‘\’ indicates the start of an
escape sequence, used for example for
Comments and
Special Characters. For a
complete listing of escape sequences, consult the
ESCAPE SEQUENCE REFERENCE
below.
Text following an escaped double-quote ‘\"’, whether in a
request, macro, or text line, is ignored to the end of the line. A request
line beginning with a control character and comment escape
‘.\"’ is also ignored. Furthermore, request lines with only
a control character and optional trailing whitespace are stripped from input.
Examples:
.\" This is a comment line.
.\" The next line is ignored:
.
.Sh EXAMPLES \" This is a comment, too.
example text \" And so is this.
Special characters are used to encode special glyphs and are rendered
differently across output media. They may occur in request, macro, and text
lines. Sequences begin with the escape character ‘\’ followed by
either an open-parenthesis ‘(’ for two-character sequences; an
open-bracket ‘[’ for n-character sequences (terminated at a
close-bracket ‘]’); or a single one character sequence.
Examples:
\(em
- Two-letter em dash escape.
\e
- One-letter backslash escape.
See
mandoc_char(7)
for a complete list.
In mdoc(7)
and man(7)
documents, fonts are usually selected with macros. The
\f escape sequence and the ft
request can be used to manually change the font, but this is not recommended
in mdoc(7)
documents. Such manual font changes are overridden by many subsequent macros.
The following fonts are supported:
B
- Bold font.
BI
- A font that is both bold and italic.
CB
- Bold constant width font. Same as
B in terminal
output.
CI
- Italic constant width font. Same as
I in terminal
output.
CR
- Regular constant width font. Same as
R in terminal
output.
CW
- An alias for
CR .
I
- Italic font.
P
- Return to the previous font. If a macro caused a font change since the
last
\f eascape sequence or
ft request, this returns to the font before the
last font change in the macro rather than to the font before the last
manual font change.
R
- Roman font. This is the default font.
1
- An alias for
R .
2
- An alias for
I .
3
- An alias for
B .
4
- An alias for
BI .
Examples:
Whitespace consists of the space character. In text lines, whitespace is
preserved within a line. In request and macro lines, whitespace delimits
arguments and is discarded.
Unescaped trailing spaces are stripped from text line input unless
in a literal context. In general, trailing whitespace on any input line is
discouraged for reasons of portability. In the rare case that a space
character is needed at the end of an input line, it may be forced by
‘\ \&’.
Literal space characters can be produced in the output using
escape sequences. In macro lines, they can also be included in arguments
using quotation; see MACRO SYNTAX for
details.
Blank text lines, which may include whitespace, are only permitted
within literal contexts. If the first character of a text line is a space,
that line is printed with a leading newline.
Many requests and macros support scaled widths for their arguments. The syntax
for a scaled width is
‘[+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] ’, where a
decimal must be preceded or followed by at least one digit.
The following scaling units are accepted:
- c
- centimetre
- i
- inch
- P
- pica (1/6 inch)
- p
- point (1/72 inch)
- f
- scale ‘u’ by 65536
- v
- default vertical span
- m
- width of rendered ‘m’ (em) character
- n
- width of rendered ‘n’ (en) character
- u
- default horizontal span for the terminal
- M
- mini-em (1/100 em)
Using anything other than ‘m’, ‘n’, or
‘v’ is necessarily non-portable across output media. See
COMPATIBILITY.
If a scaling unit is not provided, the numerical value is
interpreted under the default rules of ‘v’ for vertical spaces
and ‘u’ for horizontal ones.
Examples:
Each sentence should terminate at the end of an input line. By doing this, a
formatter will be able to apply the proper amount of spacing after the end of
sentence (unescaped) period, exclamation mark, or question mark followed by
zero or more non-sentence closing delimiters (‘)’,
‘]’, ‘'’, ‘"’).
The proper spacing is also intelligently preserved if a sentence
ends at the boundary of a macro line.
If an input line happens to end with a period, exclamation or
question mark that isn't the end of a sentence, append a zero-width space
(‘\&’).
Examples:
Do not end sentences mid-line like this. Instead,
end a sentence like this.
A macro would end like this:
.Xr mandoc 1 .
An abbreviation at the end of an input line needs escaping, e.g.\&
like this.
A request or macro line consists of:
- the control character ‘.’ or ‘'’ at the
beginning of the line,
- optionally an arbitrary amount of whitespace,
- the name of the request or the macro, which is one word of arbitrary
length, terminated by whitespace,
- and zero or more arguments delimited by whitespace.
Thus, the following request lines are all equivalent:
Macros are provided by the
mdoc(7) and
man(7)
languages and can be defined by the de request. When
called, they follow the same syntax as requests, except that macro arguments
may optionally be quoted by enclosing them in double quote characters
(‘"’). Quoted text, even if it contains whitespace or would
cause a macro invocation when unquoted, is always considered literal text.
Inside quoted text, pairs of double quote characters
(‘“”’) resolve to single double quote characters.
To be recognised as the beginning of a quoted argument, the
opening quote character must be preceded by a space character. A quoted
argument extends to the next double quote character that is not part of a
pair, or to the end of the input line, whichever comes earlier. Leaving out
the terminating double quote character at the end of the line is
discouraged. For clarity, if more arguments follow on the same input line,
it is recommended to follow the terminating double quote character by a
space character; in case the next character after the terminating double
quote character is anything else, it is regarded as the beginning of the
next, unquoted argument.
Both in quoted and unquoted arguments, pairs of backslashes
(‘\\’) resolve to single backslashes. In unquoted arguments,
space characters can alternatively be included by preceding them with a
backslash (‘\ ’), but quoting is usually better for
clarity.
Examples:
.Fn
strlen "const char *s"
- Group arguments “const char *s” into one function argument.
If unspecified, “const”, “char”, and
“*s” would be considered separate arguments.
.Op
"Fl a"
- Consider “Fl a” as literal text instead of a flag
macro.
The
mandoc(1)
roff parser recognises the following requests. For
requests marked as "ignored" or "unsupported", any
arguments are ignored, and the number of arguments is not checked.
ab
[message]
- Abort processing. Currently unsupported.
ad
[b | c |
l | n |
r ]
- Set line adjustment mode for subsequent text. Currently ignored.
af
registername format
- Assign an output format to a number register. Currently ignored.
aln
newname oldname
- Create an alias for a number register. Currently unsupported.
als
newname oldname
- Create an alias for a request, string, macro, or diversion.
am
macroname [endmacro]
- Append to a macro definition. The syntax of this request is the same as
that of
de .
am1
macroname [endmacro]
- Append to a macro definition, switching roff compatibility mode off during
macro execution (groff extension). The syntax of this request is the same
as that of
de1 . Since
mandoc(1)
does not implement roff compatibility mode at all,
it handles this request as an alias for am .
ami
macrostring [endstring]
- Append to a macro definition, specifying the macro name indirectly (groff
extension). The syntax of this request is the same as that of
dei .
ami1
macrostring [endstring]
- Append to a macro definition, specifying the macro name indirectly and
switching roff compatibility mode off during macro execution (groff
extension). The syntax of this request is the same as that of
dei1 . Since
mandoc(1)
does not implement roff compatibility mode at all,
it handles this request as an alias for ami .
as
stringname [string]
- Append to a user-defined string. The syntax of this request is the same as
that of
ds . If a user-defined string with the
specified name does not yet exist, it is set to the empty string before
appending.
as1
stringname [string]
- Append to a user-defined string, switching roff compatibility mode off
during macro execution (groff extension). The syntax of this request is
the same as that of
ds1 . Since
mandoc(1)
does not implement roff compatibility mode at all,
it handles this request as an alias for as .
asciify
divname
- Fully unformat a diversion. Currently unsupported.
backtrace
- Print a backtrace of the input stack. This is a groff extension and
currently ignored.
bd
font [curfont]
[offset]
- Artificially embolden by repeated printing with small shifts. Currently
ignored.
bleedat
left top width height
- Set the BleedBox page parameter for PDF generation. This is a Heirloom
extension and currently ignored.
blm
macroname
- Set a blank line trap. Currently unsupported.
box
divname
- Begin a diversion without including a partially filled line. Currently
unsupported.
boxa
divname
- Add to a diversion without including a partially filled line. Currently
unsupported.
bp
[+ |- ]pagenumber
- Begin a new page. Currently ignored.
BP
source height width position offset flags label
- Define a frame and place a picture in it. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently unsupported.
br
- Break the output line.
break
- Break out of the innermost
while loop.
breakchar
char ...
- Optional line break characters. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
ignored.
brnl
N
- Break output line after the next N input lines. This
is a Heirloom extension and currently ignored.
brp
- Break and spread output line. Currently, this is implemented as an alias
for
br .
brpnl
N
- Break and spread output line after the next N input
lines. This is a Heirloom extension and currently ignored.
c2
[char]
- Change the no-break control character. Currently unsupported.
cc
[char]
- Change the control character. If char is not
specified, the control character is reset to ‘.’. Trailing
characters are ignored.
ce
[N]
- Center the next N input lines without filling.
N defaults to 1. An argument of 0 or less ends
centering. Currently, high level macros abort centering.
cf
filename
- Output the contents of a file. Ignored because insecure.
cflags
flags char ...
- Set character flags. This is a groff extension and currently ignored.
ch
macroname [dist]
- Change a trap location. Currently ignored.
char
glyph [string]
- Define or redefine the ASCII character or character escape sequence
glyph to be rendered as
string, which can be empty. Only partially supported
in
mandoc(1);
may interact incorrectly with
tr .
chop
stringname
- Remove the last character from a macro, string, or diversion. Currently
unsupported.
class
classname char ...
- Define a character class. This is a groff extension and currently
ignored.
close
streamname
- Close an open file. Ignored because insecure.
CL
color text
- Print text in color. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
unsupported.
color
[1 | 0 ]
- Activate or deactivate colors. This is a groff extension and currently
ignored.
composite
from to
- Define a name component for composite glyph names. This is a groff
extension and currently unsupported.
continue
- Immediately start the next iteration of a
while
loop. Currently unsupported.
cp
[1 | 0 ]
- Switch
roff compatibility mode on or off.
Currently ignored.
cropat
left top width height
- Set the CropBox page parameter for PDF generation. This is a Heirloom
extension and currently ignored.
cs
font [width
[emsize]]
- Constant character spacing mode. Currently ignored.
cu
[N]
- Underline next N input lines including whitespace.
Currently ignored.
da
divname
- Append to a diversion. Currently unsupported.
dch
macroname [dist]
- Change a trap location in the current diversion. This is a Heirloom
extension and currently unsupported.
de
macroname [endmacro]
- Define a
roff macro. Its syntax can be either
.
de
macroname
definition
..
or
.
de
macroname
endmacro
definition
.
endmacro
Both forms define or redefine the macro
macroname to represent the
definition, which may consist of one or more input
lines, including the newline characters terminating each line,
optionally containing calls to roff requests,
roff macros or high-level macros like
man(7)
or
mdoc(7)
macros, whichever applies to the document in question.
Specifying a custom endmacro works in
the same way as for ig ; namely, the call to
‘.endmacro’ first ends the
definition, and after that, it is also evaluated
as a roff request or
roff macro, but not as a high-level macro.
The macro can be invoked later using the syntax
.macroname
[argument [argument
...]]
Regarding argument parsing, see
MACRO SYNTAX above.
The line invoking the macro will be replaced in the input
stream by the definition, replacing all
occurrences of \\$N, where
N is a digit, by the Nth
argument. For example,
.de ZN
\fI\^\\$1\^\fP\\$2
..
.ZN XtFree .
produces
\fI\^XtFree\^\fP.
in the input stream, and thus in the output: XtFree.
Each occurrence of \\$* is replaced with all the arguments, joined
together with single space characters. The variant \\$@ is similar,
except that each argument is individually quoted.
Since macros and user-defined strings share a common string
table, defining a macro macroname clobbers the
user-defined string macroname, and the
definition can also be printed using the
‘\*’ string interpolation syntax described below
ds , but this is rarely useful because every
macro definition contains at least one explicit newline character.
In order to prevent endless recursion, both groff and
mandoc(1)
limit the stack depth for expanding macros and strings to a large, but
finite number, and
mandoc(1)
also limits the length of the expanded input line. Do not rely on the
exact values of these limits.
de1
macroname [endmacro]
- Define a
roff macro that will be executed with
roff compatibility mode switched off during macro
execution. This is a groff extension. Since
mandoc(1)
does not implement roff compatibility mode at all,
it handles this request as an alias for de .
defcolor
newname scheme component ...
- Define a color name. This is a groff extension and currently ignored.
dei
macrostring [endstring]
- Define a
roff macro, specifying the macro name
indirectly (groff extension). The syntax of this request is the same as
that of de . The effect is the same as:
.de
\*[macrostring]
[\*[endstring]]
dei1
macrostring [endstring]
- Define a
roff macro that will be executed with
roff compatibility mode switched off during macro
execution, specifying the macro name indirectly (groff extension). Since
mandoc(1)
does not implement roff compatibility mode at all,
it handles this request as an alias for dei .
device
string ...
-
devicem
stringname
- These two requests only make sense with the groff-specific intermediate
output format and are unsupported.
di
divname
- Begin a diversion. Currently unsupported.
do
command [argument ...]
- Execute
roff request or macro line with
compatibility mode disabled. Currently unsupported.
ds
stringname [["]string]
- Define a user-defined string. The stringname and
string arguments are space-separated. If the
string begins with a double-quote character, that
character will not be part of the string. All remaining characters on the
input line form the string, including whitespace and
double-quote characters, even trailing ones.
The string can be interpolated into
subsequent text by using
\*[stringname] for a
stringname of arbitrary length, or \*(NN or \*N if
the length of stringname is two or one characters,
respectively. Interpolation can be prevented by escaping the leading
backslash; that is, an asterisk preceded by an even number of
backslashes does not trigger string interpolation.
Since user-defined strings and macros share a common string
table, defining a string stringname clobbers the
macro stringname, and the
stringname used for defining a string can also be
invoked as a macro, in which case the following input line will be
appended to the string, forming a new input line
passed to the roff parser. For example,
.ds badidea .S
.badidea
H SYNOPSIS
invokes the SH macro when used in a
man(7)
document. Such abuse is of course strongly discouraged.
ds1
stringname [["]string]
- Define a user-defined string that will be expanded with
roff compatibility mode switched off during string
expansion. This is a groff extension. Since
mandoc(1)
does not implement roff compatibility mode at all,
it handles this request as an alias for ds .
dwh
dist macroname
- Set a location trap in the current diversion. This is a Heirloom extension
and currently unsupported.
dt
[dist macroname]
- Set a trap within a diversion. Currently unsupported.
ec
[char]
- Enable the escape mechanism and change the escape character. The
char argument defaults to the backslash
(‘\’).
ecr
- Restore the escape character. Currently unsupported.
ecs
- Save the escape character. Currently unsupported.
el
body
- The “else” half of an if/else conditional. Pops a result off
the stack of conditional evaluations pushed by
ie
and uses it as its conditional. If no stack entries are present (e.g., due
to no prior ie calls) then false is assumed. The
syntax of this request is similar to if except
that the conditional is missing.
em
macroname
- Set a trap at the end of input. Currently unsupported.
EN
- End an equation block. See
EQ .
eo
- Disable the escape mechanism completely.
EP
- End a picture started by
BP . This is a Heirloom
extension and currently unsupported.
EQ
- Begin an equation block. See
eqn(7)
for a description of the equation language.
errprint
message
- Print a string like an error message. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently ignored.
ev
[envname]
- Switch to another environment. Currently unsupported.
evc
[envname]
- Copy an environment into the current environment. Currently
unsupported.
ex
- Abort processing and exit. Currently unsupported.
fallback
curfont font ...
- Select the fallback sequence for a font. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently ignored.
fam
[familyname]
- Change the font family. This is a groff extension and currently
ignored.
fc
[delimchar [padchar]]
- Define a delimiting and a padding character for fields. Currently
unsupported.
fchar
glyphname [string]
- Define a fallback glyph. Currently unsupported.
fcolor
colorname
- Set the fill color for \D objects. This is a groff extension and currently
ignored.
fdeferlig
font string ...
- Defer ligature building. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
ignored.
feature
+ |- name
- Enable or disable an OpenType feature. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently ignored.
fi
- Break the output line and switch to fill mode, which is active by default
but can be ended with the
nf request. In fill
mode, input from subsequent input lines is added to the same output line
until the next word no longer fits, at which point the output line is
broken. This request is implied by the
mdoc(7)
Sh macro and by the
man(7)
SH , SS , and
EE macros.
fkern
font minkern
- Control the use of kerning tables for a font. This is a Heirloom extension
and currently ignored.
fl
- Flush output. Currently ignored.
flig
font string char ...
- Define ligatures. This is a Heirloom extension and currently ignored.
fp
position font [filename]
- Assign font position. Currently ignored.
fps
mapname ...
- Mount a font with a special character map. This is a Heirloom extension
and currently ignored.
fschar
font glyphname [string]
- Define a font-specific fallback glyph. This is a groff extension and
currently unsupported.
fspacewidth
font [afmunits]
- Set a font-specific width for the space character. This is a Heirloom
extension and currently ignored.
fspecial
curfont [font ...]
- Conditionally define a special font. This is a groff extension and
currently ignored.
ft
[font]
- Change the font; see Font
Selection. The font argument defaults to
P .
ftr
newname [oldname]
- Translate font name. This is a groff extension and currently ignored.
fzoom
font [permille]
- Zoom font size. Currently ignored.
gcolor
[colorname]
- Set glyph color. This is a groff extension and currently ignored.
hc
[char]
- Set the hyphenation character. Currently ignored.
hcode
char code ...
- Set hyphenation codes of characters. Currently ignored.
hidechar
font char ...
- Hide characters in a font. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
ignored.
hla
language
- Set hyphenation language. This is a groff extension and currently
ignored.
hlm
[number]
- Set maximum number of consecutive hyphenated lines. Currently
ignored.
hpf
filename
- Load hyphenation pattern file. This is a groff extension and currently
ignored.
hpfa
filename
- Load hyphenation pattern file, appending to the current patterns. This is
a groff extension and currently ignored.
hpfcode
code code ...
- Define mapping values for character codes in hyphenation patterns. This is
a groff extension and currently ignored.
hw
word ...
- Specify hyphenation points in words. Currently ignored.
hy
[mode]
- Set automatic hyphenation mode. Currently ignored.
hylang
language
- Set hyphenation language. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
ignored.
hylen
nchar
- Minimum word length for hyphenation. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently ignored.
hym
[length]
- Set hyphenation margin. This is a groff extension and currently
ignored.
hypp
penalty ...
- Define hyphenation penalties. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
ignored.
hys
[length]
- Set hyphenation space. This is a groff extension and currently
ignored.
ie
condition body
- The “if” half of an if/else conditional. The result of the
conditional is pushed into a stack used by subsequent invocations of
el , which may be separated by any intervening
input (or not exist at all). Its syntax is equivalent to
if .
if
condition body
- Begin a conditional. This request can also be written as follows:
.
if
condition
\{
body
body ...
\}
.
if
condition
\{\
body ...
.
\}
The condition is a boolean expression.
Currently,
mandoc(1)
supports the following subset of roff conditionals:
- If ‘!’ is prefixed to condition,
it is logically inverted.
- If the first character of condition is
‘n’ (nroff mode) or ‘o’ (odd page), it
evaluates to true, and the body starts with the
next character.
- If the first character of condition is
‘e’ (even page), ‘t’ (troff mode), or
‘v’ (vroff mode), it evaluates to false, and the
body starts with the next character.
- If the first character of condition is
‘c’ (character available), it evaluates to true if the
following character is an ASCII character or a valid character escape
sequence, or to false otherwise. The body starts
with the character following that next character.
- If the first character of condition is
‘d’, it evaluates to true if the rest of
condition is the name of an existing user
defined macro or string; otherwise, it evaluates to false.
- If the first character of condition is
‘r’, it evaluates to true if the rest of
condition is the name of an existing number
register; otherwise, it evaluates to false.
- If the condition starts with a parenthesis or
with an optionally signed integer number, it is evaluated according to
the rules of Numerical
expressions explained below. It evaluates to true if the result is
positive, or to false if the result is zero or negative.
- Otherwise, the first character of condition is
regarded as a delimiter and it evaluates to true if the string
extending from its first to its second occurrence is equal to the
string extending from its second to its third occurrence.
- If condition cannot be parsed, it evaluates to
false.
If a conditional is false, its children are not processed, but
are syntactically interpreted to preserve the integrity of the input
document. Thus,
.if t .ig
will discard the ‘.ig’, which may lead to
interesting results, but
.if t .if t \{\
will continue to syntactically interpret to the block close of
the final conditional. Sub-conditionals, in this case, obviously inherit
the truth value of the parent.
If the body section is begun by an
escaped brace ‘\{’, scope continues until the end of the
input line containing the matching closing-brace escape sequence
‘\}’. If the body is not enclosed in
braces, scope continues until the end of the line. If the
condition is followed by a
body on the same line, whether after a brace or
not, then requests and macros must begin with a
control character. It is generally more intuitive, in this case, to
write
.
if
condition
\{\
.
request
.
\}
than having the request or macro follow as
.if
condition \{.request
The scope of a conditional is always parsed, but only executed
if the conditional evaluates to true.
Note that the ‘\}’ is converted into a
zero-width escape sequence if not passed as a standalone macro
‘.\}’. For example,
.Fl a \} b
will result in ‘\}’ being considered an argument
of the ‘Fl’ macro.
ig
[endmacro]
- Ignore input. Its syntax can be either
or
.
ig
endmacro
ignored text
.
endmacro
In the first case, input is ignored until a ‘..’
request is encountered on its own line. In the second case, input is
ignored until the specified
‘.endmacro’ is encountered. Do not
use the escape character ‘\’ anywhere in the definition of
endmacro; it would cause very strange
behaviour.
When the endmacro is a roff request or a
roff macro, like in
.ig if
the subsequent invocation of if will
first terminate the ignored text, then be invoked
as usual. Otherwise, it only terminates the ignored
text, and arguments following it or the ‘..’ request
are discarded.
in
[[+ |- ]width]
- Change indentation. See
man(7).
Ignored in
mdoc(7).
index
register stringname substring
- Find a substring in a string. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
unsupported.
it
expression macro
- Set an input line trap. The named macro will be
invoked after processing the number of input text lines specified by the
numerical expression. While evaluating the
expression, the unit suffixes described below
Scaling Widths are ignored.
itc
expression macro
- Set an input line trap, not counting lines ending with \c. Currently
unsupported.
IX
class keystring
- To support the generation of a table of contents,
pod2man(1)
emits this user-defined macro, usually without defining it. To avoid
reporting large numbers of spurious errors,
mandoc(1)
ignores it.
kern
[1 | 0 ]
- Switch kerning on or off. Currently ignored.
kernafter
font char ... afmunits ...
- Increase kerning after some characters. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently ignored.
kernbefore
font char ... afmunits ...
- Increase kerning before some characters. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently ignored.
kernpair
font char ... font char ... afmunits
- Add a kerning pair to the kerning table. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently ignored.
lc
[glyph]
- Define a leader repetition character. Currently unsupported.
lc_ctype
localename
- Set the
LC_CTYPE locale. This is a Heirloom
extension and currently unsupported.
lds
macroname string
- Define a local string. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
unsupported.
length
register string
- Count the number of input characters in a string. Currently
unsupported.
letadj
lspmin lshmin letss lspmax lshmax
- Dynamic letter spacing and reshaping. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently ignored.
lf
lineno [filename]
- Change the line number for error messages. Ignored because insecure.
lg
[1 | 0 ]
- Switch the ligature mechanism on or off. Currently ignored.
lhang
font char ... afmunits
- Hang characters at left margin. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
ignored.
linetabs
[1 | 0 ]
- Enable or disable line-tabs mode. This is a groff extension and currently
unsupported.
ll
[[+ |- ]width]
- Change the output line length. If the width argument
is omitted, the line length is reset to its previous value. The default
setting for terminal output is 78n. If a sign is given, the line length is
added to or subtracted from; otherwise, it is set to the provided value.
Using this request in new manuals is discouraged for several reasons,
among others because it overrides the
mandoc(1)
-O width command line
option.
lnr
register
[+ |- ]value
[increment]
- Set local number register. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
unsupported.
lnrf
register
[+ |- ]value
[increment]
- Set local floating-point register. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently unsupported.
lpfx
string
- Set a line prefix. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
unsupported.
ls
[factor]
- Set line spacing. It takes one integer argument specifying the vertical
distance of subsequent output text lines measured in v units. Currently
ignored.
lsm
macroname
- Set a leading spaces trap. This is a groff extension and currently
unsupported.
lt
[[+ |- ]width]
- Set title line length. Currently ignored.
mc
glyph [dist]
- Print margin character in the right margin. The dist
is currently ignored; instead, 1n is used.
mediasize
media
- Set the device media size. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
ignored.
minss
width
- Set minimum word space. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
ignored.
mk
[register]
- Mark vertical position. Currently ignored.
mso
filename
- Load a macro file using the search path. Ignored because insecure.
na
- Disable adjusting without changing the adjustment mode. Currently
ignored.
ne
[height]
- Declare the need for the specified minimum vertical space before the next
trap or the bottom of the page. Currently ignored.
nf
- Break the output line and switch to no-fill mode. Subsequent input lines
are kept together on the same output line even when exceeding the right
margin, and line breaks in subsequent input cause output line breaks. This
request is implied by the
mdoc(7)
Bd -unfilled and
Bd -literal macros and by
the
man(7)
EX macro. The fi request
switches back to the default fill mode.
nh
- Turn off automatic hyphenation mode. Currently ignored.
nhychar
char ...
- Define hyphenation-inhibiting characters. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently ignored.
nm
[start [inc
[space [indent]]]]
- Print line numbers. Currently unsupported.
nn
[number]
- Temporarily turn off line numbering. Currently unsupported.
nop
body
- Execute the rest of the input line as a request, macro, or text line,
skipping the
nop request and any space characters
immediately following it. This is mostly used to indent text lines inside
macro definitions.
nr
register
[+ |- ]expression
[stepsize]
- Define or change a register. A register is an arbitrary string value that
defines some sort of state, which influences parsing and/or formatting.
For the syntax of expression, see
Numerical expressions
below. If it is prefixed by a sign, the register will be incremented or
decremented instead of assigned to.
The stepsize is used by the
\n+ auto-increment feature. It remains unchanged
when omitted while changing an existing register, and it defaults to 0
when defining a new register.
The following register is handled
specially:
nS
- If set to a positive integer value, certain
mdoc(7)
macros will behave in the same way as in the
SYNOPSIS section. If set to 0, these macros will
behave in the same way as outside the SYNOPSIS
section, even when called within the SYNOPSIS
section itself. Note that starting a new
mdoc(7)
section with the
Sh macro will reset this
register.
nrf
register
[+ |- ]expression
[increment]
- Define or change a floating-point register. This is a Heirloom extension
and currently unsupported.
nroff
- Force nroff mode. This is a groff extension and currently ignored.
ns
- Turn on no-space mode. Currently ignored.
nx
[filename]
- Abort processing of the current input file and process another one.
Ignored because insecure.
open
stream file
- Open a file for writing. Ignored because insecure.
opena
stream file
- Open a file for appending. Ignored because insecure.
os
- Output saved vertical space. Currently ignored.
output
string
- Output directly to intermediate output. Not supported.
padj
[1 | 0 ]
- Globally control paragraph-at-once adjustment. This is a Heirloom
extension and currently ignored.
papersize
media
- Set the paper size. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
ignored.
pc
[char]
- Change the page number character. Currently ignored.
pev
- Print environments. This is a groff extension and currently ignored.
pi
command
- Pipe output to a shell command. Ignored because insecure.
PI
- Low-level request used by
BP . This is a Heirloom
extension and currently unsupported.
pl
[[+ |- ]height]
- Change page length. Currently ignored.
pm
- Print names and sizes of macros, strings, and diversions to standard error
output. Currently ignored.
pn
[+ |- ]number
- Change the page number of the next page. Currently ignored.
pnr
- Print all number registers on standard error output. Currently
ignored.
po
[[+ |- ]offset]
- Set a horizontal page offset. If no argument is specified, the page offset
is reverted to its previous value. If a sign is specified, the new page
offset is calculated relative to the current one; otherwise, it is
absolute. The argument follows the syntax of
Scaling Widths and the default
scaling unit is
m .
ps
[[+ |- ]size]
- Change point size. Currently ignored.
psbb
filename
- Retrieve the bounding box of a PostScript file. Currently
unsupported.
pshape
indent length ...
- Set a special shape for the current paragraph. This is a Heirloom
extension and currently unsupported.
pso
command
- Include output of a shell command. Ignored because insecure.
ptr
- Print the names and positions of all traps on standard error output. This
is a groff extension and currently ignored.
pvs
[[+ |- ]height]
- Change post-vertical spacing. This is a groff extension and currently
ignored.
rchar
glyph ...
- Remove glyph definitions. Currently unsupported.
rd
[prompt [argument ...]]
- Read from standard input. Currently ignored.
recursionlimit
maxrec maxtail
- Set the maximum stack depth for recursive macros. This is a Heirloom
extension and currently ignored.
return
[twice]
- Exit the presently executed macro and return to the caller. The argument
is currently ignored.
rfschar
font glyph ...
- Remove font-specific fallback glyph definitions. Currently
unsupported.
rhang
font char ... afmunits
- Hang characters at right margin. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently ignored.
rj
[N]
- Justify the next N input lines to the right margin
without filling. N defaults to 1. An argument of 0
or less ends right adjustment.
rm
macroname
- Remove a request, macro or string.
rn
oldname newname
- Rename a request, macro, diversion, or string. In
mandoc(1),
user-defined macros,
mdoc(7)
and
man(7)
macros, and user-defined strings can be renamed, but renaming of
predefined strings and of
roff requests is not
supported, and diversions are not implemented at all.
rnn
oldname newname
- Rename a number register. Currently unsupported.
rr
register
- Remove a register.
rs
- End no-space mode. Currently ignored.
rt
[dist]
- Return to marked vertical position. Currently ignored.
schar
glyph [string]
- Define global fallback glyph. This is a groff extension and currently
unsupported.
sentchar
char ...
- Define sentence-ending characters. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently ignored.
shc
[glyph]
- Change the soft hyphen character. Currently ignored.
shift
[number]
- Shift macro arguments number times, by default once:
\\$i becomes what \\$i+number was. Also decrement \n(.$ by
number.
sizes
size ...
- Define permissible point sizes. This is a groff extension and currently
ignored.
so
filename
- Include a source file. The file is read and its contents processed as
input in place of the
so request line. To avoid
inadvertent inclusion of unrelated files,
mandoc(1)
only accepts relative paths not containing the strings “../”
and “/..”.
This request requires
man(1)
to change to the right directory before calling
mandoc(1),
per convention to the root of the manual tree. Typical usage looks
like:
.so man3/Xcursor.3
As the whole concept is rather fragile, the use of
so is discouraged. Use
ln(1)
instead.
sp
[height]
- Break the output line and emit vertical space. The argument follows the
syntax of Scaling Widths and
defaults to one blank line (
1v ).
spacewidth
[1 | 0 ]
- Set the space width from the font metrics file. This is a Heirloom
extension and currently ignored.
special
[font ...]
- Define a special font. This is a groff extension and currently
ignored.
spreadwarn
[width]
- Warn about wide spacing between words. Currently ignored.
ss
wordspace [sentencespace]
- Set space character size. Currently ignored.
sty
position style
- Associate style with a font position. This is a groff extension and
currently ignored.
substring
stringname startpos
[endpos]
- Replace a user-defined string with a substring. Currently
unsupported.
sv
[height]
- Save vertical space. Currently ignored.
sy
command
- Execute shell command. Ignored because insecure.
T&
- Re-start a table layout, retaining the options of the prior table
invocation. See
TS .
ta
[width ... [T
width ...]]
- Set tab stops. Each width argument follows the
syntax of Scaling Widths. If
prefixed by a plus sign, it is relative to the previous tab stop. The
arguments after the
T marker are used repeatedly
as often as needed; for each reuse, they are taken relative to the last
previously established tab stop. When ta is called
without arguments, all tab stops are cleared.
tc
[glyph]
- Change tab repetition character. Currently unsupported.
TE
- End a table context. See
TS .
ti
[+ |- ]width
- Break the output line and indent the next output line by
width. If a sign is specified, the temporary
indentation is calculated relative to the current indentation; otherwise,
it is absolute. The argument follows the syntax of
Scaling Widths and the default
scaling unit is
m .
tkf
font minps width1 maxps width2
- Enable track kerning for a font. Currently ignored.
tl
'left'center'right'
- Print a title line. Currently unsupported.
tm
string
- Print to standard error output. Currently ignored.
tm1
string
- Print to standard error output, allowing leading blanks. This is a groff
extension and currently ignored.
tmc
string
- Print to standard error output without a trailing newline. This is a groff
extension and currently ignored.
tr
glyph glyph ...
- Output character translation. The first glyph in each pair is replaced by
the second one. Character escapes can be used; for example,
tr \(xx\(yy
replaces all invocations of \(xx with \(yy.
track
font minps width1 maxps width2
- Static letter space tracking. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
ignored.
transchar
char ...
- Define transparent characters for sentence-ending. This is a Heirloom
extension and currently ignored.
trf
filename
- Output the contents of a file, disallowing invalid characters. This is a
groff extension and ignored because insecure.
trimat
left top width height
- Set the TrimBox page parameter for PDF generation. This is a Heirloom
extension and currently ignored.
trin
glyph glyph ...
- Output character translation, ignored by
asciify .
Currently unsupported.
trnt
glyph glyph ...
- Output character translation, ignored by \!. Currently unsupported.
troff
- Force troff mode. This is a groff extension and currently ignored.
TS
- Begin a table, which formats input in aligned rows and columns. See
tbl(7)
for a description of the tbl language.
uf
font
- Globally set the underline font. Currently ignored.
ul
[N]
- Underline next N input lines. Currently
ignored.
unformat
divname
- Unformat spaces and tabs in a diversion. Currently unsupported.
unwatch
macroname
- Disable notification for string or macro. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently ignored.
unwatchn
register
- Disable notification for register. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently ignored.
vpt
[1 | 0 ]
- Enable or disable vertical position traps. This is a groff extension and
currently ignored.
vs
[[+ |- ]height]
- Change vertical spacing. Currently ignored.
warn
flags
- Set warning level. Currently ignored.
warnscale
si
- Set the scaling indicator used in warnings. This is a groff extension and
currently ignored.
watch
macroname
- Notify on change of string or macro. This is a Heirloom extension and
currently ignored.
watchlength
maxlength
- On change, report the contents of macros and strings up to the specified
length. This is a Heirloom extension and currently ignored.
watchn
register
- Notify on change of register. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
ignored.
wh
dist [macroname]
- Set a page location trap. Currently unsupported.
while
condition body
- Repeated execution while a condition is true, with
syntax similar to
if . Currently implemented with
two restrictions: cannot nest, and each loop must start and end in the
same scope.
write
["]string
- Write to an open file. Ignored because insecure.
writec
["]string
- Write to an open file without appending a newline. Ignored because
insecure.
writem
macroname
- Write macro or string to an open file. Ignored because insecure.
xflag
level
- Set the extension level. This is a Heirloom extension and currently
ignored.
The nr , if , and
ie requests accept integer numerical expressions as
arguments. These are always evaluated using the C int
type; integer overflow works the same way as in the C language. Numbers
consist of an arbitrary number of digits ‘0’ to
‘9’ prefixed by an optional sign ‘+’ or
‘-’. Each number may be followed by one optional scaling unit
described below Scaling Widths. The
following equations hold:
1i = 6v = 6P = 10m = 10n = 72p = 1000M = 240u = 240
254c = 100i = 24000u = 24000
1f = 65536u = 65536
The following binary operators are implemented. Unless otherwise
stated, they behave as in the C language:
+
- addition
-
- subtraction
*
- multiplication
/
- division
%
- remainder of division
<
- less than
>
- greater than
==
- equal to
=
- equal to, same effect as
== (this differs from
C)
<=
- less than or equal to
>=
- greater than or equal to
<>
- not equal to (corresponds to C
!= ; this one is of
limited portability, it is supported by Heirloom roff, but not by
groff)
&
- logical and (corresponds to C
&& )
:
- logical or (corresponds to C
|| )
<?
- minimum (not available in C)
>?
- maximum (not available in C)
There is no concept of precedence; evaluation proceeds from left
to right, except when subexpressions are enclosed in parentheses. Inside
parentheses, whitespace is ignored.
The
mandoc(1)
roff parser recognises the following escape sequences.
In mdoc(7)
and man(7)
documents, using escape sequences is discouraged except for those described in
the LANGUAGE SYNTAX section above.
A backslash followed by any character not listed here simply
prints that character itself.
\<newline>
- A backslash at the end of an input line can be used to continue the
logical input line on the next physical input line, joining the text on
both lines together as if it were on a single input line.
\<space>
- The escape sequence backslash-space (‘\ ’) is an
unpaddable space-sized non-breaking space character; see
Whitespace and
mandoc_char(7).
\!
- Embed text up to and including the end of the input line into the current
diversion or into intermediate output without interpreting requests,
macros, and escapes. Currently unsupported.
\"
- The rest of the input line is treated as
Comments.
\#
- Line continuation with comment. Discard the rest of the physical input
line and continue the logical input line on the next physical input line,
joining the text on both lines together as if it were on a single input
line. This is a groff extension.
\$ arg
- Macro argument expansion, see
de .
\%
- Hyphenation allowed at this point of the word; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\&
- Non-printing zero-width character, often used for various kinds of
escaping; see Whitespace,
mandoc_char(7),
and the “MACRO SYNTAX” and “Delimiters”
sections in
mdoc(7).
\'
- Acute accent special character; use
\(aa
instead.
\( cc
- Special Characters with
two-letter names, see
mandoc_char(7).
\)
- Zero-width space transparent to end-of-sentence detection; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\*[ name]
- Interpolate the string with the name. For short
names, there are variants
\* c and
\*( cc.
One string is predefined on the roff
language level: \*(.T expands to the name of the
output device, for example ascii, utf8, ps, pdf, html, or markdown.
Macro sets traditionally predefine additional strings which
are not portable and differ across implementations. Those supported by
mandoc(1)
are listed in
mandoc_char(7).
Strings can be defined, changed, and deleted with the
ds , as , and
rm requests.
\,
- Left italic correction (groff extension); ignored by
mandoc(1).
\-
- Special character “mathematical minus sign”; see
mandoc_char(7)
for details.
\/
- Right italic correction (groff extension); ignored by
mandoc(1).
\:
- Breaking the line is allowed at this point of the word without inserting a
hyphen.
\?
- Embed the text up to the next
\? into the current
diversion without interpreting requests, macros, and escapes. This is a
groff extension and currently unsupported.
\[ name]
- Special Characters with names
of arbitrary length, see
mandoc_char(7).
\^
- One-twelfth em half-narrow space character, effectively zero-width in
mandoc(1).
\_
- Underline special character; use
\(ul
instead.
\`
- Grave accent special character; use
\(ga
instead.
\{
- Begin conditional input; see
if .
\|
- One-sixth em narrow space character, effectively zero-width in
mandoc(1).
\}
- End conditional input; see
if .
\~
- Paddable non-breaking space character.
\0
- Digit width space character.
\A' string'
- Anchor definition; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\a
- Leader character; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\B' string'
- Interpolate ‘1’ if string conforms to
the syntax of Numerical
expressions explained above or ‘0’ otherwise.
\b' string'
- Bracket building function; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\C' name'
- Special Characters with names
of arbitrary length.
\c
- When encountered at the end of an input text line, the next input text
line is considered to continue that line, even if there are request or
macro lines in between. No whitespace is inserted.
\D' string'
- Draw graphics function; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\d
- Move down by half a line; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\E
- Escape character intended to not be interpreted in copy mode. In
mandoc(1),
it currently does the same as
\ itself.
\e
- Backslash special character.
\F[ name]
- Switch font family (groff extension); ignored by
mandoc(1).
For short names, there are variants
\F c and
\F( cc.
\f[ name]
- Switch to the font name, see
Font Selection. For short names,
there are variants
\f c and
\f( cc. An empty name
\f[] defaults to \fP .
\g[ name]
- Interpolate the format of a number register; ignored by
mandoc(1).
For short names, there are variants
\g c and
\g( cc.
\H' [+|-]number'
- Set the height of the current font; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\h' [| ]width'
- Horizontal motion. If the vertical bar is given, the motion is relative to
the current indentation. Otherwise, it is relative to the current
position. The default scaling unit is
m .
\k[ name]
- Mark horizontal input place in register; ignored by
mandoc(1).
For short names, there are variants
\k c and
\k( cc.
\L' number[c]'
- Vertical line drawing function; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\l' width[c]'
- Draw a horizontal line of width using the glyph
c.
\M[ name]
- Set fill (background) color (groff extension); ignored by
mandoc(1).
For short names, there are variants
\M c and
\M( cc.
\m[ name]
- Set glyph drawing color (groff extension); ignored by
mandoc(1).
For short names, there are variants
\m c and
\m( cc.
\N' number'
- Character number on the current font.
\n [+|-][ name]
- Interpolate the number register name. For short
names, there are variants
\n c and
\n( cc. If the optional sign
is specified, the register is first incremented or decremented by the
stepsize that was specified in the relevant
nr request, and the changed value is
interpolated.
\O digit,
\O[5 arguments]
- Suppress output. This is a groff extension and currently unsupported. With
an argument of
1 , 2 ,
3 , or 4 , it is
ignored.
\o' string'
- Overstrike, writing all the characters contained in the
string to the same output position. In terminal and
HTML output modes, only the last one of the characters is visible.
\p
- Break the output line at the end of the current word.
\R' name
[+|-]number'
- Set number register; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\r
- Move up by one line; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\S' number'
- Slant output; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\s' [+|-]number'
- Change point size; ignored by
mandoc(1).
Alternative forms
\s [+|-]n,
\s [+|-]' number' ,
\s[ [+|-]number] ,
and
\s [+|-][ number]
are also parsed and ignored.
\t
- Horizontal tab; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\u
- Move up by half a line; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\V[ name]
- Interpolate an environment variable; ignored by
mandoc(1).
For short names, there are variants
\V c and
\V( cc.
\v' number'
- Vertical motion; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\w' string'
- Interpolate the width of the string. The
mandoc(1)
implementation assumes that after expansion of user-defined strings, the
string only contains normal characters, no escape
sequences, and that each character has a width of 24 basic units.
\X' string'
- Output string as device control function; ignored in
nroff mode and by
mandoc(1).
\x' number'
- Extra line space function; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\Y[ name]
- Output a string as a device control function; ignored in nroff mode and by
mandoc(1).
For short names, there are variants
\Y c and
\Y( cc.
\Z' string'
- Print string with zero width and height; ignored by
mandoc(1).
\z
- Output the next character without advancing the cursor position.
The
mandoc(1)
implementation of the roff language is incomplete.
Major unimplemented features include:
- For security reasons,
mandoc(1)
never reads or writes external files except via
so
requests with safe relative paths.
- There is no automatic hyphenation, no adjustment to the right margin, and
very limited support for centering; the output is always set
flush-left.
- Support for setting tabulator and leader characters is missing, and
support for manually changing indentation is limited.
- The ‘u’ scaling unit is the default terminal unit. In
traditional troff systems, this unit changes depending on the output
media.
- Width measurements are implemented in a crude way and often yield wrong
results. Support for explicit movement requests and escapes is
limited.
- There is no concept of output pages, no support for floats, graphics
drawing, and picture inclusion; terminal output is always continuous.
- Requests regarding color, font families, font sizes, and glyph
manipulation are ignored. Font support is very limited. Kerning is not
implemented, and no ligatures are produced.
- The “'” macro control character does not suppress output
line breaks.
- Diversions and environments are not implemented, and support for traps is
very incomplete.
- Use of macros is not supported inside
tbl(7)
code.
The special semantics of the nS number
register is an idiosyncrasy of OpenBSD manuals and
not supported by other
mdoc(7)
implementations.
mandoc(1),
eqn(7),
man(7),
mandoc_char(7),
mdoc(7),
tbl(7)
Joseph F. Ossanna and
Brian W. Kernighan, Troff User's
Manual, AT&T Bell Laboratories,
Computing Science Technical Report,
54,
http://www.kohala.com/start/troff/cstr54.ps,
Murray Hill, New Jersey, 1976 and
1992.
Joseph F. Ossanna,
Brian W. Kernighan, and Gunnar
Ritter, Heirloom Documentation Tools Nroff/Troff
User's Manual,
http://heirloom.sourceforge.net/doctools/troff.pdf,
September 17, 2007.
The RUNOFF typesetting system, whose input forms the basis for
roff , was written in MAD and FAP for the CTSS
operating system by Jerome E. Saltzer in 1964. Doug McIlroy rewrote it in BCPL
in 1969, renaming it roff . Dennis M. Ritchie rewrote
McIlroy's roff in PDP-11 assembly for
Version 1 AT&T UNIX, Joseph F. Ossanna
improved roff and renamed it nroff for Version 2
AT&T UNIX, then ported nroff to C as troff, which Brian W.
Kernighan released with Version 7 AT&T
UNIX. In 1989, James Clarke re-implemented troff in C++, naming it
groff.
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