Document control settings

The following tables list the document control registers, strings, and special characters. For any parameter whose default is unsatisfactory, define it before calling any ms macro other than RP.

\*[SN-STYLE] can alternatively be made an alias of \*[SN-NO-DOT] with the als request.

For entries marked “special” in the “Effective” column, see the discussion in the applicable section below. The PO, LL, and LT register defaults vary by output device and paper format; the values shown are for typesetters using U.S. letter paper, and then terminals. See section “Paper format” of groff(1). The PD and DD registers use the larger value if the vertical motion quantum of the output device is too coarse for the smaller one; usually, this is the case only for output to terminals and emulators thereof. The “gutter” affected by \n[MINGW] is the gap between columns in multiple-column page arrangements. The TC-MARGIN register and TC-LEADER special character affect the formatting of tables of contents assembled by the XS, XA, and XE macros.

Document description macros

Define information describing the document by calling the macros below in the order shown; .DA or .ND can be called to set the document date (or other identifier) at any time before (a) the abstract, if present, or (b) its information is required in a header or footer. Use of these macros is optional, except that .TL is mandatory if any of .RP, .AU, .AI, or .AB is called, and .AE is mandatory if .AB is called.

.RP [no-repeat-info] [no-renumber]

Use the “report” (AT&T: “released paper”) format for your document, creating a separate cover page. The default arrangement is to place most of the document description (title, author names and institutions, and abstract, but not the date) at the top of the first page. If the optional no-repeat-info argument is given, ms produces a cover page but does not repeat any of its information on subsequently (but see the DA macro below regarding the date). Normally, .RP sets the page number following the cover page to 1. Specifying the optional no-renumber argument suppresses this alteration. Optional arguments can occur in any order. “no” is recognized as a synonym of no-repeat-info for AT&T compatibility.

.TL

Specify the document title. ms collects text on input lines following this call into the title until reaching .AU, .AB, or a heading or paragraphing macro call.

.AU

Specify an author's name. ms collects text on input lines following this call into the author's name until reaching .AI, .AB, another .AU, or a heading or paragraphing macro call. Call it repeatedly to specify multiple authors.

.AI

Specify the preceding author's institution. An .AU call is usefully followed by at most one .AI call; if there are more, the last .AI call controls. ms collects text on input lines following this call into the author's institution until reaching .AU, .AB, or a heading or paragraphing macro call.

.DA [x ...]

Typeset the current date, or any arguments x, in the center footer, and, if .RP is also called, left-aligned at the end of the document description on the cover page.

.ND [x ...]

Typeset the current date, or any arguments x, if .RP is also called, left-aligned at the end of the document description on the cover page. This is groff ms's default.

.AB [no]

Begin the abstract. ms collects text on input lines following this call into the abstract until reaching an .AE call. By default, ms places the word “ABSTRACT” centered and in italics above the text of the abstract. The optional argument “no” suppresses this heading.

.AE

End the abstract.

Text settings

The FAM string, a GNU extension, sets the font family for body text; the default is “T”. The PS and VS registers set the type size and vertical spacing (distance between text baselines), respectively. The font family and type size are ignored on terminal devices. Setting these parameters before the first call of a heading, paragraphing, or (non-date) document description macro also applies them to headers, footers, and (for FAM) footnotes.

The HY register defines the automatic hyphenation mode used with the hy request. Setting \n[HY] to 0 is equivalent to using the nh request. This is a Tenth Edition Research Unix extension.

Typographical symbols

ms provides a few strings to obtain typographical symbols not easily entered with the keyboard. These and many others are available as special character escape sequences—see groff_char(7).

\*[-]

Interpolate an em dash.

\*[Q]

\*[U]

Interpolate typographer's quotation marks where available, and neutral double quotes otherwise. \*[Q] is the left quote and \*[U] the right.

Paragraphs

Paragraphing macros break, or terminate, any pending output line so that a new paragraph can begin. Several paragraph types are available, differing in how indentation applies to them: to left, right, or both margins; to the first output line of the paragraph, all output lines, or all but the first. All paragraphing macro calls cause the insertion of vertical space in the amount stored in the PD register, except at page or column breaks, or adjacent to displays.

The PORPHANS register defines the minimum number of initial lines of any paragraph that must be kept together to avoid isolated lines at the bottom of a page. If a new paragraph is started close to the bottom of a page, and there is insufficient space to accommodate \n[PORPHANS] lines before an automatic page break, then a page break is forced before the start of the paragraph. This is a GNU extension.

.LP

Set a paragraph without any (additional) indentation.

.PP

Set a paragraph with a first-line left indentation in the amount stored in the PI register.

.IP [marker [width]]

Set a paragraph with a left indentation. The optional marker is not indented and is empty by default. width overrides the indentation amount in \n[PI]; its default unit is “n”. Once specified, width applies to further .IP calls until specified again or a heading or different paragraphing macro is called.

.QP

Set a paragraph indented from both left and right margins by \n[QI].

.QS

.QE

Begin (QS) and end (QE) a region where each paragraph is indented from both margins by \n[QI]. The text between .QS and .QE can be structured further by use of other paragraphing macros.

.XP

Set an “exdented” paragraph—one with a left indentation of \n[PI] on every line except the first (also known as a hanging indent). This is a Berkeley extension.

Headings

Use headings to create a hierarchical structure for your document. The ms macros print headings in bold using the same font family and, by default, type size as the body text. Headings are available with and without automatic numbering. Text on input lines following the macro call becomes the heading's title. Call a paragraphing macro to end the heading text and start the section's content.

.NH [depth]

Set an automatically numbered heading. ms produces a numbered heading in the form a.b.c..., to any level desired, with the numbering of each depth increasing automatically and being reset to zero when a more significant depth is increased. “1” is the most significant or coarsest division of the document. Only non-zero values are output. If depth is omitted, it is taken to be 1. If you specify depth such that an ascending gap occurs relative to the previous NH call—that is, you “skip a depth”, as by “.NH 1” and then “.NH 3”, groff ms emits a warning on the standard error stream.

.NH S heading-depth-index ...

Alternatively, you can give NH a first argument of “S”, followed by integers to number the heading depths explicitly. Further automatic numbering, if used, resumes using the specified indices as their predecessors. This feature is a Berkeley extension.

After .NH is called, the assigned number is made available in the strings SN-DOT (as it appears in a printed heading with default formatting, followed by a terminating period) and SN-NO-DOT (with the terminating period omitted). These are GNU extensions.

You can control the style used to print numbered headings by defining an appropriate alias for the string SN-STYLE. By default, \*[SN-STYLE] is aliased to \*[SN-DOT]. If you prefer to omit the terminating period from numbers appearing in numbered headings, you may alias it to \*[SN-NO-DOT]. Any such change in numbering style becomes effective from the next use of .NH following redefinition of the alias for \*[SN-STYLE]. The formatted number of the current heading is available in \*[SN] (a feature first documented by Berkeley); this string facilitates its inclusion in, for example, table captions, equation labels, and .XS/.XA/.XE table of contents entries.

.SH [depth]

Set an unnumbered heading. The optional depth argument is a GNU extension indicating the heading depth corresponding to the depth argument of .NH. It matches the type size at which the heading is set to that of a numbered heading at the same depth when the \n[GROWPS] and \n[PSINCR] heading size adjustment mechanism is in effect.

The PSINCR register defines an increment in type size to be applied to a heading at a lesser depth than that specified in \n[GROWPS]. The value of \n[PSINCR] should be specified in points with the “p” scaling unit and may include a fractional component.

The GROWPS register defines the heading depth above which the type size increment set by \n[PSINCR] becomes effective. For each heading depth less than the value of \n[GROWPS], the type size is increased by \n[PSINCR]. Setting \n[GROWPS] to a value less than 2 disables the incremental heading size feature.

In other words, if the value of GROWPS register is greater than the depth argument to a .NH or .SH call, the type size of a heading produced by these macros increases by \n[PSINCR] units over \n[PS] multiplied by the difference of \n[GROWPS] and depth.

The \n[HORPHANS] register operates in conjunction with the NH and SH macros to inhibit the printing of isolated headings at the bottom of a page; it specifies the minimum number of lines of the subsequent paragraph that must be kept on the same page as the heading. If insufficient space remains on the current page to accommodate the heading and this number of lines of paragraph text, a page break is forced before the heading is printed. Any display macro call or tbl, pic, or eqn region between the heading and the subsequent paragraph suppresses this grouping.

Typeface and decoration

The ms macros provide a variety of ways to style text. Attend closely to the ordering of arguments labeled pre and post, which is not intuitive. Support for pre arguments is a GNU extension.

.B [text [post [pre]]]

Style text in bold, followed by post in the previous font style without intervening space, and preceded by pre similarly. Without arguments, ms styles subsequent text in bold until the next paragraphing, heading, or no-argument typeface macro call.

.R [text [post [pre]]]

As .B, but use the roman style (upright text of normal weight) instead of bold. Argument recognition is a GNU extension.

.I [text [post [pre]]]

As .B, but use an italic or oblique style instead of bold.

.BI [text [post [pre]]]

As .B, but use a bold italic or bold oblique style instead of upright bold. This is a Tenth Edition Research Unix extension.

.CW [text [post [pre]]]

As .B, but use a constant-width (monospaced) roman typeface instead of bold. This is a Tenth Edition Research Unix extension.

.BX [text]

Typeset text and draw a box around it. On terminal devices, reverse video is used instead. If you want text to contain space, use unbreakable space or horizontal motion escape sequences (\~, \space, \^, \|, \0, or \h).

.UL [text [post]]

Typeset text with an underline. post, if present, is set after text with no intervening space.

.LG

Set subsequent text in larger type (2 points larger than the current size) until the next type size, paragraphing, or heading macro call. You can specify this macro multiple times to enlarge the type size as needed.

.SM

Set subsequent text in smaller type (2 points smaller than the current size) until the next type size, paragraphing, or heading macro call. You can specify this macro multiple times to reduce the type size as needed.

.NL

Set subsequent text at the normal type size (\n[PS]).

When pre is used, a hyphenation control escape sequence \% that would ordinarily start text must start pre instead.

groff ms also offers strings to begin and end super- and subscripting. These are GNU extensions.

\*{

\*}

Begin and end superscripting, respectively.

\*<

\*>

Begin and end subscripting, respectively.

Indented regions

You may need to indent a region of text while otherwise formatting it normally. Indented regions can be nested.

.RS

Begin a region where headings, paragraphs, and displays are indented (further) by \n[PI].

.RE

End the (next) most recent indented region.

Keeps, boxed keeps, and displays

On occasion, you may want to keep several lines of text, or a region of a document, together on a single page, preventing an automatic page break within certain boundaries. This can cause a page break to occur earlier than it normally would.

You can alternatively specify a floating keep: if a keep cannot fit on the current page, ms holds its contents and allows text following the keep (in the source document) to fill in the remainder of the current page. When the page breaks, whether by reaching the end or bp request, ms puts the floating keep at the beginning of the next page.

.KS

Begin a keep.

.KF

Begin a floating keep.

.KE

End (floating) keep.

As an alternative to the keep mechanism, the ne request forces a page break if there is not at least the amount of vertical space specified in its argument remaining on the page.

A boxed keep has a frame drawn around it.

.B1

Begin a keep with a box drawn around it.

.B2

End boxed keep.

Boxed keep macros cause breaks; if you need to box a word or phrase within a line, see the BX macro in section “Highlighting” above. Box lines are drawn as close as possible to the text they enclose so that they are usable within paragraphs. If you wish to place one or more paragraphs in a boxed keep, you may improve their appearance by calling .B1 after the first paragraphing macro, and by adding a small amount of vertical space before calling .B2.

If you want a boxed keep to float, you will need to enclose the .B1 and .B2 calls within a pair of .KF and .KE calls.

Displays turn off filling; lines of verse or program code are shown with their lines broken as in the source document without requiring br requests between lines. Displays can be kept on a single page or allowed to break across pages. The DS macro begins a kept display of the layout specified in its first argument; non-kept displays are begun with dedicated macros corresponding to their layout.

.DS L

.LD

Begin (DS: kept) left-aligned display.

.DS [I [indent]]

.ID [indent]

Begin (DS: kept) display indented by indent if specified, \n[DI] otherwise.

.DS B

.BD

Begin (DS: kept) block display: the entire display is left-aligned, but indented such that the longest line in the display is centered on the page.

.DS C

.CD

Begin (DS: kept) centered display: each line in the display is centered.

.DS R

.RD

Begin (DS: kept) right-aligned display. This is a GNU extension.

.DE

End any display.

The distance stored in \n[DD] is inserted before and after each pair of display macros; this is a Berkeley extension. In groff ms, this distance replaces any adjacent inter-paragraph distance or subsequent spacing prior to a section heading. The DI register is a GNU extension; its value is an indentation applied to displays created with .DS and .ID without arguments, to “.DS I” without an indentation argument, and to equations set with “.EQ I”. Changes to either register take effect at the next display boundary.

Tables, figures, equations, and references

The ms package is often used with the tbl, pic, eqn, and refer preprocessors. The \n[DD] distance is also applied to regions of the document preprocessed with eqn, pic, and tbl. Mark text meant for preprocessors by enclosing it in pairs of tokens as follows, with nothing between the dot and the macro name. The preprocessors match these tokens only at the start of an input line.

.TS [H]

.TE

Demarcate a table to be processed by the tbl preprocessor. The optional H argument instructs ms to repeat table rows (often column headings) at the top of each new page the table spans, if applicable; calling the TH macro marks the end of such rows. tbl(1) provides a comprehensive reference to the preprocessor and offers examples of its use.

.PS

.PE

.PF

.PS begins a picture to be processed by the pic preprocessor; either of .PE or .PF ends it, the latter with “flyback” to the vertical position at its top.

.EQ [align []

label]]

.EN

Demarcate an equation to be processed by the eqn preprocessor. The equation is centered by default; align can be C, L, or I to (explicitly) center, left-align, or indent it by \n[DI], respectively. If specified, label is set right-aligned.

.[

.]

Demarcate a bibliographic citation to be processed by the refer preprocessor. refer(1) provides a comprehensive reference to the preprocessor and the format of its bibliographic database.

When refer emits collected references (as might be done on a “Works Cited” page), it interpolates the string \*[REFERENCES] as an unnumbered heading (.SH).

Attempting to place a multi-page table inside a keep can lead to unpleasant results, particularly if the tbl “allbox” option is used.

Footnotes

A footnote is typically anchored to a place in the text with a marker, which is a small integer, a symbol, or arbitrary user-specified text.

\**

Place an automatic number, an automatically generated numeric footnote marker, in the text. Each time this string is interpolated, the number it produces increments by one. Automatic numbers start at 1. This is a Berkeley extension.

Enclose the footnote text in FS and FE macro calls to set it at the nearest available “foot”, or bottom, of a text column or page.

.FS [marker]

Begin a footnote. The .FS-MARK hook (see below) is called with any supplied marker argument, which is then also placed at the beginning of the footnote text. If marker is omitted, the next pending automatic number enqueued by interpolation of the * string is used, and if none exists, nothing is prefixed.

.FE

End footnote text.

groff ms provides a hook macro, FS-MARK, for user-determined operations to be performed when the FS macro is called. It is passed the same arguments as .FS itself. By default, this macro has an empty definition. .FS-MARK is a GNU extension.

Footnote text is formatted as paragraphs are, using analogous parameters. The registers FI, FPD, FPS, and FVS correspond to PI, PD, PS, and VS, respectively; FPD, FPS, and FVS are GNU extensions.

The FF register controls the formatting of automatically numbered footnote paragraphs, and those for which .FS is given a marker argument, at the bottom of a column or page as follows.

Language and localization

groff ms provides several strings that you can customize for your own purposes, or redefine to adapt the macro package to languages other than English. It is already localized for Czech, German, French, Italian, and Swedish. Load the desired localization macro package after ms; see groff_tmac(5).

Headers and footers

There are multiple ways to produce headers and footers. One is to define the strings LH, CH, and RH to set the left, center, and right headers, respectively; and LF, CF, and RF to set the left, center, and right footers. This approach suffices for documents that do not distinguish odd- and even-numbered pages.

Another method is to call macros that set headers or footers for odd- or even-numbered pages. Each such macro takes a delimited argument separating the left, center, and right header or footer texts from each other. You can replace the neutral apostrophes (') shown below with any character not appearing in the header or footer text. These macros are Berkeley extensions.

.OH 'left'center'right'

.OF 'left'center'right'

.EH 'left'center'right'

.EF 'left'center'right'

The OH and EH macros define headers for odd- (recto) and even-numbered (verso) pages, respectively; the OF and EF macros define footers for them.

With either method, a percent sign % in header or footer text is replaced by the current page number. By default, ms places no header on a page numbered “1” (regardless of its number format).

.P1

Typeset the header even on page 1. To be effective, this macro must be called before the header trap is sprung on any page numbered “1”. This is a Berkeley extension.

For even greater flexibility, ms permits redefinition of the macros called when the page header and footer traps are sprung. PT (“page trap”) is called by ms when the header is to be written, and BT (“bottom trap”) when the footer is to be. The groff page location trap that ms sets up to format the header also calls the (normally undefined) HD macro after .PT; you can define .HD if you need additional processing after setting the header. The HD hook is a Berkeley extension. Any such macros you (re)define must implement any desired specialization for odd-, even-, or first numbered pages.

Tab stops

Use the ta request to set tab stops as needed.

.TA

Reset the tab stops to the ms default (every 5 ens). Redefine this macro to create a different set of default tab stops.

Margins

Control margins using the registers summarized in the “Margins” portion of the table in section “Document control settings” above. There is no setting for the right margin; the combination of page offset \n[PO] and line length \n[LL] determines it.

Multiple columns

ms can set text in as many columns as reasonably fit on the page. The following macros force a page break if a multi-column layout is active when they are called. \n[MINGW] is the default minimum gutter width; it is a GNU extension. When multiple columns are in use, keeps and the HORPHANS and PORPHANS registers work with respect to column breaks instead of page breaks.

.1C

Arrange page text in a single column (the default).

.2C

Arrange page text in two columns.

.MC [column-width [gutter-width]]

Arrange page text in multiple columns. If you specify no arguments, it is equivalent to the 2C macro. Otherwise, column-width is the width of each column and gutter-width is the minimum distance between columns.

Creating a table of contents

Define an entry to appear in the table of contents by bracketing its text between calls to the XS and XE macros. A typical application is to call them immediately after NH or SH and repeat the heading text within them. The XA macro, used within .XS/.XE pairs, supplements an entry—for instance, when it requires multiple output lines, whether because a heading is too long to fit or because style dictates that page numbers not be repeated. You may wish to indent the text thus wrapped to correspond to its heading depth; this can be done in the entry text by prefixing it with tabs or horizontal motion escape sequences, or by providing a second argument to the XA macro. .XS and .XA automatically associate the page number where they are called with the text following them, but they accept arguments to override this behavior. At the end of the document, call TC or PX to emit the table of contents; .TC resets the page number to i (Roman numeral one), and then calls PX. All of these macros are Berkeley extensions.

.XS [page-number]

.XA [page-number [indentation]]

.XE

Begin, supplement, and end a table of contents entry. Each entry is associated with page-number (otherwise the current page number); a page-number of “no” prevents a leader and page number from being emitted for that entry. Use of .XA within .XS/.XE is optional; it can be repeated. If indentation is present, a supplemental entry is indented by that amount; ens are assumed if no unit is indicated. Text on input lines between .XS and .XE is stored for later recall by .PX.

.PX [no]

Switch to single-column layout. Unless “no” is specified, center and interpolate \*[TOC] in bold and two points larger than the body text. Emit the table of contents entries.

.TC [no]

Set the page number to 1, the page number format to lowercase Roman numerals, and call PX (with a “no” argument, if present).

The remaining features in this subsection are GNU extensions. groff ms obviates the need to repeat heading text after .XS calls. Call .XN and .XH after .NH and .SH, respectively. Text to be appended to the formatted section heading, but not to appear in the table of contents entry, can follow these calls.

.XN heading-text

Format heading-text and create a corresponding table of contents entry; the indentation is computed from the depth argument of the preceding NH call.

.XH depth heading-text

As .XN, but use depth to determine the indentation.

groff ms encourages customization of table of contents entry production. (Re-)define any of the following macros as desired.

.XN-REPLACEMENT heading-text

.XH-REPLACEMENT depth heading-text

These hook macros implement .XN and .XH, and call XN-INIT and XH-INIT, respectively, then call XH-UPDATE-TOC with the arguments given them.

.XH-INIT

.XN-INIT

These hook macros do nothing by default.

.XH-UPDATE-TOC depth heading-text

Bracket heading-text with XS and XE calls, indenting it by 2 ens per level of depth beyond the first.

You can customize the style of the leader that bridges each table of contents entry with its page number; define the TC-LEADER special character by using the char request. A typical leader combines the dot glyph “.” with a horizontal motion escape sequence to spread the dots. The width of the page number field is stored in the TC-MARGIN register.

Unix Version 7 macros not implemented by groff ms

Several macros described in the Unix Version 7 ms documentation are unimplemented by groff ms because they are specific to the requirements of documents produced internally by Bell Laboratories, some of which also require a glyph for the Bell System logo that groff does not support. These macros implemented several document type formats (EG, IM, MF, MR, TM, TR), were meaningful only in conjunction with the use of certain document types (AT, CS, CT, OK, SG), stored the postal addresses of Bell Labs sites (HO, IH, MH, PY, WH), or lacked a stable definition over time (UX).

AT&T ms accent mark strings

AT&T ms defined accent mark strings as follows.

Berkeley ms accent mark and glyph strings

Berkeley ms offered an AM macro; calling it redefined the AT&T accent mark strings (except for \*C), applied them to the preceding glyph, and defined additional strings, some for spacing glyphs.

.AM

Enable alternative accent mark and glyph-producing strings.